Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI), which occurs commonly worldwide, is among the more costly of health and socioeconomic problems. Accurate prediction of favorable outcomes in severe TBI patients could assist with optimizing treatment procedures, predicting clinical outcomes, and result in substantial economic savings.
Methods In this study, we examined the capability of a machine learning-based model in predicting “favorable” or “unfavorable” outcomes after 6 months in severe TBI patients using only parameters measured on admission. Three models were developed using logistic regression, random forest, and support vector machines trained on parameters recorded from 2,381 severe TBI patients admitted to the neuro-intensive care unit of Rajaee (Emtiaz) Hospital (Shiraz, Iran) between 2015 and 2017. Model performance was evaluated using three indices: sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. A ten-fold cross-validation method was used to estimate these indices.
Results Overall, the developed models showed excellent performance with the area under the curve around 0.81, sensitivity and specificity of around 0.78. The top-three factors important in predicting 6-month post-trauma survival status in TBI patients are “Glasgow coma scale motor response,” “pupillary reactivity,” and “age.”
Conclusions Machine learning techniques might be used to predict the 6-month outcome in TBI patients using only the parameters measured on admission when the machine learning is trained using a large data set.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN TRAUMATOLOGY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE V. V. Savgachev, L. B. Shubin Bulletin of Pirogov National Medical & Surgical Center.2026; 21(1): 127. CrossRef
The use of machine learning approaches for mortality prediction and classification in traumatic brain injury: a literature review ARTHUR AFONSO SILVA-SOUSA, FERNANDA CAROLINA CAMARGO, LEOPOLDO MANDIC F. FURTADO, ANTONIO LUCIO TEIXEIRA, RAFAEL A.B. DE QUEIROZ, ALINE SILVA DE MIRANDA Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Development of web- and mobile-based shared decision-making tools in the neurological intensive care unit Winnie L. Liu, Lidan Zhang, Soussan Djamasbi, Bengisu Tulu, Susanne Muehlschlegel Neurotherapeutics.2025; 22(1): e00503. CrossRef
Long-term survival prediction in patients with acute brain lesions using ensemble machine learning algorithms: a cohort study with combined national health insurance service and its self-run hospital database Dougho Park, Daeyoung Hong, Suntak Jin, Jong Hun Kim, Hyoung Seop Kim Journal of Big Data.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Predicting outcomes after moderate and severe traumatic brain injury using artificial intelligence: a systematic review Armaan K. Malhotra, Husain Shakil, Christopher W. Smith, Yu Qing Huang, Jethro C. C. Kwong, Kevin E. Thorpe, Christopher D. Witiw, Abhaya V. Kulkarni, Jefferson R. Wilson, Avery B. Nathens npj Digital Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Artificial intelligence in traumatic brain injury: Brain imaging analysis and outcome prediction: A mini review Luca Marino, Federico Bilotta World Journal of Critical Care Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Prediction of Clinically Significant Improvements During the Interdisciplinary Intensive Outpatient Program for Traumatic Brain Injury Using Machine Learning Rujirutana Srikanchana, David Samuel, Jacob Powell, Treven Pickett, Thomas DeGraba, Chandler Sours Rhodes Annals of Biomedical Engineering.2025; 53(11): 2845. CrossRef
A practical approach to predicting long-term outcomes in traumatic brain injury: Enhancing clinical decision-making with machine learning Amirmohammad Farrokhi, Mahtab Jalali, Mohamed Sobhi Jabal, Saeed Abdollahifard, Reza Taheri, Omid Yousefi, Amin Niakan, Hosseinali Khalili Computers in Biology and Medicine.2025; 196: 110827. CrossRef
The effect of extended early rehabilitation on the treatment outcome of patients with moderate and severe traumatic brain injury Nataša Keleman, Dragana Dragičević-Cvjetković, Aleksandra Mikov, Dragomir Radošević, Ðula Ðilvesi, Vladimir Mrđa, Rastislava Krasnik Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Artificial Intelligence in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review of Prognostic, Diagnostic, and Monitoring Applications Anas E Ahmed, Rayan M Alyami, Fatimah H Al Ghazwi, Renad H Hamzi, Nawa K Alshammari, Fawziah M Jali, Abdullah A Al Alduwayh, Thikra M Almujami, Abdullah S Alamri, Jamal A Sabban, Ghadi F Alsum Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Enhancing hospital course and outcome prediction in patients with traumatic brain injury: A machine learning study Guangming Zhu, Burak B Ozkara, Hui Chen, Bo Zhou, Bin Jiang, Victoria Y Ding, Max Wintermark The Neuroradiology Journal.2024; 37(1): 74. CrossRef
Machine Learning in Neuroimaging of Traumatic Brain Injury: Current Landscape, Research Gaps, and Future Directions Kevin Pierre, Jordan Turetsky, Abheek Raviprasad, Seyedeh Mehrsa Sadat Razavi, Michael Mathelier, Anjali Patel, Brandon Lucke-Wold Trauma Care.2024; 4(1): 31. CrossRef
A Systematic Review of the Outcomes of Utilization of Artificial Intelligence Within the Healthcare Systems of the Middle East: A Thematic Analysis of Findings Mohsen Khosravi, Seyyed Morteza Mojtabaeian, Emine Kübra Dindar Demiray, Burak Sayar Health Science Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Science fiction or clinical reality: a review of the applications of artificial intelligence along the continuum of trauma care Olivia F. Hunter, Frances Perry, Mina Salehi, Hubert Bandurski, Alan Hubbard, Chad G. Ball, S. Morad Hameed World Journal of Emergency Surgery.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Gastrointestinal failure, big data and intensive care Pierre Singer, Eyal Robinson, Orit Raphaeli Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care.2023; 26(5): 476. CrossRef
Prediction performance of the machine learning model in predicting mortality risk in patients with traumatic brain injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis Jue Wang, Ming Jing Yin, Han Chun Wen BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Predicting return to work after traumatic brain injury using machine learning and administrative data Helena Van Deynse, Wilfried Cools, Viktor-Jan De Deken, Bart Depreitere, Ives Hubloue, Eva Kimpe, Maarten Moens, Karen Pien, Ellen Tisseghem, Griet Van Belleghem, Koen Putman International Journal of Medical Informatics.2023; 178: 105201. CrossRef
Fluid-Based Protein Biomarkers in Traumatic Brain Injury: The View from the Bedside Denes V. Agoston, Adel Helmy International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(22): 16267. CrossRef
Predicting Outcome in Patients with Brain Injury: Differences between Machine Learning versus Conventional Statistics Antonio Cerasa, Gennaro Tartarisco, Roberta Bruschetta, Irene Ciancarelli, Giovanni Morone, Rocco Salvatore Calabrò, Giovanni Pioggia, Paolo Tonin, Marco Iosa Biomedicines.2022; 10(9): 2267. CrossRef