Prevalence and Related Factors of Vitamin D Deficiency in Critically Ill Patients

Hyun Jung Kim; Min Su Sohn; Eun Young Choi

doi:10.4266/kjccm.2016.00276

Articles

Page Path: HOME > Acute Crit Care > Volume 31(4); 2016 > Article

Original Article Prevalence and Related Factors of Vitamin D Deficiency in Critically Ill Patients: Hyun Jung Kim, M.D.^1,*, Min Su Sohn, M.D.^2,*, Eun Young Choi, M.D., Ph.D.³; Korean Journal of Critical Care Medicine 2016;31(4):300-307.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2016.00276
Published online: November 30, 2016

¹Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea

²Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea

³Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Regional Respiratory Center, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea

Correspondence to: Eun Young Choi, Division of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Regional Respiratory Center, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Namgu, Daegu 42415, Korea Tel: +82-53-620-3828, Fax: +82-53-654-8386 E-mail: letact@daum.net

*These authors contributed equally to this paper.

• Received: April 5, 2016 • Revised: July 18, 2016 • Accepted: October 12, 2016

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

7,953 Views
187 Download
3 Crossref

prev next

Full Article

Download PDF

Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
NOTES
REFERENCES

Abstract

Background
To identify the prevalence and related factors for vitamin D deficiency in the patients who admitted to the medical intensive care unit (ICU) of a Korean tertiary care hospital.
Methods
We retrospectively analyzed the data from ICU patients requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) for a period of > 48 h to identify the prevalence and associated factors for vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level < 20 ng/mL.
Results
Among 570 patients admitted to the ICU, 221 were enrolled in the study, 194 in the vitamin D deficient group and 27 in the non-deficient group. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in critically ill patients was 87.8%. The patient age was lower in the vitamin D deficient group compared with the non-deficient group (64.4 ± 15.4 vs. 71.0 ± 9.6 years, p = 0.049). A higher acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) score (odds ratio [OR] 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10-1.37) and chronic illness (OR 3.12, 95% CI 1.08-9.01) were associated with vitamin D deficiency after adjusting for age and body mass index. Clinical outcomes of duration of MV, ICU stay, and 28- and 90-day mortality rates were not significantly different between the vitamin D deficient and nondeficient groups.
Conclusions
Vitamin D deficiency was common in critically ill patients, particularly among younger patients. Higher APACHE II score and chronic illness were associated with vitamin D deficiency.
Key Words: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; calcitriol; critical care; intensive care units; vitamin D deficiency

Introduction

Vitamin D deficiency is common in critically ill patients and associated with a variety of poor clinical outcomes, including increased in-hospital mortality, prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) stay, blood stream infection, and prolonged use of mechanical ventilation (MV).[1-6] Among critically ill patients requiring MV support, reducing the durations of both MV and ICU stays is important for improving clinical outcome. Understanding the prevalence and predisposing factors related to vitamin D deficiency is therefore important for improving outcomes in critically ill patients.

Vitamin D affects a wide range of biological processes, including cell proliferation and differentiation, regulation of inflammation, immunomodulation, muscle strength, in addition to bone formation and electrolyte homeostasis.[7] Clinical outcomes associated with vitamin D deficiency include resistance to infection, cardiovascular disease, and insulin resistance.[8-11] However, despite these wide-ranging pleiotropic effects, there is no common definition for adequate serum concentration of vitamin D, measured as 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D].[12] Historically, vitamin D deficiency has been defined as 25(OH)D level < 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L), with vitamin D insufficiency classified as 21-29 ng/mL (52.5-72.5 nmol/L) 25(OH)D according to the Institute of Medicine.[13] Because vitamin D is synthesized in response to ultraviolet light, sun exposure remains important for maintaining a healthy level of vitamin D. In recent years, sun exposure has declined because people are spending more time indoors, a phenomenon particularly common in younger individuals.[14,15] Since very few foods naturally contain vitamin D, natural sunlight remains the major source of vitamin D for most individuals.[7] Accordingly, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency remains strongly associated with factors affecting ultraviolet light intensity, including geographic location, skin tone, and time of year.[16,17]

The Korean climate is characterized by four distinct seasons, with the majority of the population residing in cities and spending much of their time indoors. As these factors are likely to affect serum vitamin D level, we performed a retrospective study evaluating the prevalence and related factors of vitamin D deficiency in the patients who admitted to Korean tertiary care hospital.

Materials and Methods

1) Patients and study design

This retrospective observational study reviewed the medical records of critically ill patients who were admitted to the ICU between January 2012 and October 2014. Patients were included if they met the following criteria: 18 years of age or older, serum vitamin D level measured at ICU admission; and required MV for > 48 h. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25(OH)D level < 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L).[7,13] We classified patients into either a vitamin D deficient or non-deficient group. To evaluate the related factors of vitamin D deficiency, we compared the clinical characteristics of the two groups. We analyzed clinical outcomes between the vitamin D deficient group and non-deficient group to evaluate the effect of vitamin D deficiency in critically ill patients.

Data were gathered from medical records using a structured form. Patient data included baseline demographic characteristics, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score, and clinical laboratory data. Clinical outcomes included duration of MV, length of ICU stay and hospitalization, and 28- and 90-day mortality rates. The ICU is operated by a team of day-time ICU staff, along with day- and night-time duty residents.

2) Measurement of serum vitamin D concentration

Blood samples were obtained within 24 h of ICU admission. Serum circulating 25(OH)D level was measured using a chemiluminescent immunoassay at the Green Cross Laboratory (Daegu, Korea).

3) Statistical analysis

Descriptive statistics included frequencies and percentages for categorical variables and means and standard deviations for continuous variables. Continuous variables were analyzed using a t-test or Mann-Whitney U test as appropriate; categorical variables were analyzed using a χ² or Fisher’s exact test. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to identify associated factors of vitamin D deficiency. The odds ratios (ORs) for vitamin D deficiency were estimated after adjusting for potential confounders. Data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). All tests were two-tailed, and a p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation.

4) Ethics statement

This study was approved by the Yeungnam University Hospital Institutional Review Board. All patient data and information were confidential.

Results

1) Baseline characteristics

A total of 570 patients were admitted to the medical ICU for the period of the investigation, of whom 227 had serum vitamin D level results. Six patients were excluded due to use of MV for < 48 h, resulting in a final study cohort of 221 patients (Fig. 1).

The baseline characteristics of the enrolled patients are shown in Table 1. The age of the enrolled patients was 65.2 ± 14.9 years, and 67.4% (149/221) were male. The serum vitamin D concentration was 11.8 ± 7.9 ng/mL, and 194 (87.8%) patients were classified as vitamin D deficient. Mean serum vitamin D level was 10.9 ± 7.9, 12.9 ± 8.5, 12.8 ± 8.1, and 11.0 ± 6.6 ng/mL in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. Vitamin D levels did not differ between males and females (11.7 ± 7.0 vs. 12.2 ± 9.6 ng/mL, p = 0.661).

The serum vitamin D level in the deficient group was 9.6 ± 4.9 ng/mL, while that in the non-deficient group was 27.7 ± 7.3 ng/mL. The age of the vitamin D deficient group was lower than that of the non-deficient group (64.4 ± 15.4 vs. 71.0 ± 9.6 years, p = 0.049). BMI (22.5 ± 4.8 vs. 20.5 ± 4.0, p = 0.033) and APACHE II score (21 ± 6 vs. 16 ± 4, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in the vitamin D deficient group than in the non-deficient group. The vitamin D deficient group also had more comorbid conditions such as diabetes and renal disease compared with the non-deficient group, although these differences did not reach statistical significance (Table 1).

Average serum vitamin D level was the lowest among patients in their 30s (7.0 ± 3.5 ng/mL; Table 2). Mean serum vitamin D level was higher in patients > 50 years of age than in those < 50 years of age (12.4 ± 8.0 vs. 8.9 ± 6.8 ng/mL, p = 0.016).

2) Associated factors of vitamin D deficiency

A weak correlation was observed between serum vitamin D level and APACHE Ⅱ score (r² = 0.18, p < 0.001). Younger age, higher BMI, and APACHE II score were significantly associated with vitamin D deficiency based on simple logistic regression analysis. On multivariable analysis using the logistic regression method, a high APACHE II score (OR 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10-1.37, p < 0.001) and underlying comorbidity (OR 3.12, 95% CI 1.08-9.01, p = 0.036) were identified as independent predictors of vitamin D deficiency at ICU admission (Table 3).

3) Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and clinical outcomes

Neither 28- nor 90-day mortality rate was associated with vitamin D deficiency (deficient vs. non-deficient; 19.1% vs. 25.9%, p = 0.403 for 28-day mortality; 25.3% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.372 for 90-day mortality). Length of MV care, duration of ICU stay, and hospitalization were not significantly different between vitamin D deficient and non-deficient groups (Table 4).

Discussion

Vitamin D deficiency was very common (87.8%) in critically ill patients, particularly those younger than 50 years. Among the variables tested, high APACHE II score and presence of comorbidities were associated with vitamin D deficiency in critically ill patients.

Low levels of serum vitamin D were observed not only among the older patients with chronic diseases, but also among younger patients with no comorbidities. These observations are broadly consistent with a previous large survey of the Korean population,[14] showing vitamin D insufficiency to be a significant problem, particularly among younger residents. Elderly residents are also at an increased risk of vitamin D insufficiency, as the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D declines with age.[18] These deficiencies become even more pronounced in critically ill patients, who often have lower serum 25(OH)D levels (11.8 ± 7.9 vs. 15.2 ± 7.3 ng/mL, p < 0.001) and a higher prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (87.8% vs. 56.9%) compared with the general population.[14] Furthermore, another study showed that 80% of second-decade military personnel with pneumonia had vitamin D insufficiency (10 ng/mL ≤ 25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL), highlighting the strong relationship between vitamin D deficiency and susceptibility to disease.[19] The phenomenon of vitamin D deficiency in Korean youth appears to be directly related to industrialization. In Korea, young adults tend to gravitate toward urban areas and work primarily indoors, while elderly residents are more likely to live in rural areas and have outdoor jobs. This environmental difference may partially explain the phenomenon of greater vitamin D deficiency in the younger generation. Among our study population, vitamin D deficiency was more common in patients < 50 years of age compared with those > 50 years of age. One possible explanation for this observation is the study design, because patient inclusion was limited to those requiring MV for > 48 h. Many elderly patients with chronic disease often choose not to seek intensive care, which may also require MV, thus potentially affecting our results.

An inverse association between serum 25(OH)D level and BMI > 30 kg/m² was observed, suggesting that obesity is associated with vitamin D deficiency.[17,20] This study showed that BMI in the vitamin D deficient group was significantly higher than non-deficient group; however, BMI was not identified as an independently predictable factor of vitamin D deficiency based on multivariable logistic regression. Although mean BMI was greater in the vitamin D deficiency group, the mean BMIs in both the deficient and non-deficient groups fell within the normal range according to World Health Organization obesity guidelines.

Previous researches have suggested that serum vitamin D level is in inverse proportion to serum calcium and albumin level. However, no such association was observed in the present study.[21] Although the comorbidities examined did not correlate with vitamin D deficiency, patients with at least one underlying disease of any kind were at a greater risk of vitamin D deficiency. Among individual comorbidities, cerebrovascular disease was more prevalent in the vitamin D non-deficient group than in the vitamin D deficient group (13.4% vs. 33.3%), contrary to the general assumption that patients with cerebrovascular disease are less likely to have sufficient sun exposure. This apparent discrepancy highlights the myriad of factors contributing to vitamin D deficiency, suggesting that a performance-based outcome or severity of neurological sequelae may be a more informative outcome in this population. Considering the diverse roles of vitamin D, it may be useful to screen patients with existing comorbidities to assess serum vitamin D levels. A large-scale, randomized control trial examining the use of vitamin D supplementation in patients with chronic disease may also be warranted.

In contrast to previous reports on the relationship between clinical outcomes and vitamin D deficiency, our study did not demonstrate vitamin D deficiency to be associated with poor clinical outcomes.[1-4] A possible reason for this result is that the small number of subjects (n = 27) in the vitamin D non-deficient groups was insufficient to show a meaningful difference in clinical outcomes. Additionally, the present study included all patients who were admitted to the medical ICU rather than those with a specific disease category; thus, the determinants of prognosis might be multifactorial.

The most significant limitation of this study was the small, single-center, retrospective design without sequential vitamin D blood sampling. While limited exposure to sunlight due to comorbidities and malnutrition are important causes of vitamin D deficiency, altered metabolism of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone during critical illness cannot be ruled out.[22,23] Assessment of serum parathyroid hormone and other metabolites related to vitamin D metabolism, along with follow-up assessment of serum vitamin D level, could have provided important insights.

Despite its wide-ranging role in human health, vitamin D replacement is seldom considered for critically ill patients. Previous studies have shown that both of enteral and parental nutritions supplied to critically ill patients. Previous studies have shown that both of enteral and parental nutritions supplied to critically ill patients were grossly inadequate for treating the vitamin D deficiency.[24] Furthermore, numerous studies have shown biological effect of vitamin D, whereas few studies support the hypothesis that vitamin D therapy can improve outcomes,[25-28] with only short-term effects evaluated in adult ICU patients.[29] This lack of data regarding the usefulness of vitamin D therapy is further complicated by an absence of definitive protocols for vitamin D supplementation.[30] It is necessary to perform well-designed clinical trial regarding best methods for vitamin D replacement and association of clinical outcome with vitamin D replacement.

Collectively, vitamin D deficiency is common in critically ill patients, even among younger patients. Patients presenting with one or more comorbidity or a high APACHE II score are at an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency and should be monitored accordingly.

NOTES

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Fig. 1.

Flow chart of enrolled patients in this study. ICU: intensive care unit; MV: mechanical ventilator; 25(OH)D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D.

Table 1.

Baseline Characteristics

Characteristic	Serum 25(OH)D level		p-value
	< 20 ng/mL	≥ 20 ng/mL
	n = 194	n = 27
Sex (male)	132 (68.0)	17 (63.0)	0.598
Age (years)	64.4 ± 15.35	71.0 ± 9.60	0.049
BMI (kg/m²)	22.5 ± 4.84	20.5 ± 4.01	0.033
Ever-smokers	56 (28.9)	3 (11.1)	0.051
APACHE II	21 ± 6	16 ± 4	< 0.001
Comorbidities	150 (89.3)	18 (66.7)	0.224
Cardiovascular disease	26 (13.4)	2 (7.4)
Chronic pulmonary disease	57 (29.4)	7 (25.9)
Cerebrovascular disease	26 (13.4)	9 (33.3)
Diabetes mellitus	72 (37.1)	5 (18.5)
Liver disease	18 (9.3)	1 (3.7)
Renal disease	23 (11.9)	1 (3.7)
Malignancy	16 (8.2)	1 (3.7)
Gastric ulcer	7 (3.6)	0 (0)
Connective tissue disease	8 (4.1)	3 (11.1)
Season of ICU admission			0.360
Spring	68 (35.1)	5 (18.5)
Summer	56 (28.9)	11 (40.7)
Fall	31 (16.0)	5 (18.5)
Winter	39 (20.1)	6 (22.2)
Serum 25(OH)D (ng/mL)	9.6 ± 4.9	27.7 ± 7.3	< 0.001

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).

25(OH)D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; BMI: body mass index; APACHE II: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II; ICU: intensive care unit.

Table 2.

Proportions of comorbidity and vitamin D deficiency and mean serum vitamin D level according to age

Age	Comorbidity	Serum 25(OH)D level		Mean serum 25(OH)D level (ng/mL)
Age	Comorbidity	< 20 ng/mL	≥ 20 ng/mL	Mean serum 25(OH)D level (ng/mL)
20-29	1 (14.3)	7 (100)	0 (0)	11.0 ± 7.1
30-39	5 (41.7)	12 (100)	0 (0)	7.0 ± 3.5
40-49	12 (75.0)	14 (87.5)	2 (12.5)	9.4 ± 8.4
50-59	17 (68.0)	25 (100)	0 (0)	8.7 ± 4.2
60-69	45 (81.8)	49 (89.1)	6 (10.9)	12.4 ± 7.5
70-79	61 (79.2)	63 (81.8)	14 (18.2)	13.3 ± 7.4
80-89	26 (92.9)	23 (82.1)	5 (17.9)	13.6 ± 11.7
90-	1 (100.0)	1 (100)	0 (0)
Total	168 (76.0)	194 (87.8)	27 (12.2)

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).

25(OH)D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D.

Table 3.

Associated factors of vitamin D deficiency

Factors	Univariable analysis		Multivariable analysis
Factors	OR of vitamin D deficiency	p–value	OR of vitamin D deficiency	p–value
Age	0.96 (0.93-1.00)	0.034	0.95 (0.91-0.96)	0.007
BMI	1.13 (1.01-1.26)	0.035	1.12 (0.99-1.28)	0.078
Comorbidity	1.71 (0.72-4.06)	0.228	3.12 (1.08–9.01)	0.036
APACHE Ⅱ	1.20 (1.09-1.31)	< 0.001	1.23 (1.10-1.37)	< 0.001

Values are presented as OR (95% confidence interval).

OR: odds ratio; BMI: body mass index; APACHE II: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II.

Table 4.

Clinical outcomes according to vitamin D deficiency

Clinical outcome	Serum 25(OH)D level		p-value
Clinical outcome	< 20 ng/mL	≥ 20 ng/mL	p-value
28-day mortality	37 (19.1)	7 (25.9)	0.403
90-day mortality	49 (25.3)	9 (33.3)	0.372
Duration of MV (days)	14.9 ± 34.0	10.6 ± 9.6	0.519
Duration of ICU admission (days)	17.9 ± 34.4	16.0 ±13.1	0.778
Duration of hospitalization (days)	35.0 ± 59.8	31.3 ± 27.4	0.748

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).

25(OH)D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; MV: mechanical ventilation; ICU: intensive care unit.

REFERENCES

1. Higgins DM, Wischmeyer PE, Queensland KM, Sillau SH, Sufit AJ, Heyland DK. Relationship of vitamin D deficiency to clinical outcomes in critically ill patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2012;36:713-20.Article PubMed
2. Arnson Y, Gringauz I, Itzhaky D, Amital H. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with poor outcomes and increased mortality in severely ill patients. QJM 2012;105:633-9.Article PubMed
3. Rech MA, Hunsaker T, Rodriguez J. Deficiency in 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 30-day mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Am J Crit Care 2014;23:e72-9.Article PubMed
4. Matthews LR, Ahmed Y, Wilson KL, Griggs DD, Danner OK. Worsening severity of vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased length of stay, surgical intensive care unit cost, and mortality rate in surgical intensive care unit patients. Am J Surg 2012;204:37-43.Article PubMed PMC
5. Quraishi SA, McCarthy C, Blum L, Cobb JP, Camargo CA Jr. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels at initiation of care and duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill surgical patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2016;40:273-8.Article PubMed PMC
6. Verceles AC, Weiler B, Koldobskiy D, Goldberg AP, Netzer G, Sorkin JD. Association between vitamin D status and weaning from prolonged mechanical ventilation in survivors of critical illness. Respir Care 2015;60:1033-9.Article PubMed PMC
7. Holick MF. Vitamin D Deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007;357:266-81.Article PubMed
8. Mora JR, Iwata M, von Andrian UH. Vitamin effects on the immune system: vitamins A and D take centre stage. Nat Rev Immunol 2008;8:685-98.Article PubMed PMC
9. Pilz S, März W, Wellnitz B, Seelhorst U, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Dimai HP, et al. Association of vitamin D deficiency with heart failure and sudden cardiac death in a large cross-sectional study of patients referred for coronary angiography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:3927-35.Article PubMed
10. Chiu KC, Chu A, Go VL, Saad MF. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:820-5.Article PubMed
11. Schöttker B, Haug U, Schomburg L, Köhrle J, Perna L, Müller H, et al. Strong associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with all-cause, cardiovascular, cancer, and respiratory disease mortality in a large cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;97:782-93.Article PubMed
12. Ross AC, Manson JE, Abrams SA, Aloia JF, Brannon PM, Clinton SK, et al. The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:53-8.Article PubMed PMC
13. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:1911-30.Article PubMed
14. Choi HS, Oh HJ, Choi H, Choi WH, Kim JG, Kim KM, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency in Korea--a greater threat to younger generation: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:643-51.Article PubMed
15. Vieth R, Cole DE, Hawker GA, Trang HM, Rubin LA. Wintertime vitamin D insufficiency is common in young Canadian women, and their vitamin D intake does not prevent it. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001;55:1091-7.Article PubMed
16. Clemens TL, Adams JS, Henderson SL, Holick MF. Increased skin pigment reduces the capacity of skin to synthesise vitamin D3. Lancet 1982;319:74-6.Article
17. Greene-Finestone LS, Berger C, de Groh M, Hanley DA, Hidiroglou N, Sarafin K, et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in Canadian adults: biological, environmental, and behavioral correlates. Osteoporos Int 2011;22:1389-99.Article PubMed PMC
18. MacLaughlin J, Holick MF. Aging decreases the capacity of human skin to produce vitamin D3. J Clin Invest 1985;76:1536-8.Article PubMed PMC
19. Jhun BW, Kim SJ, Kim K, Lee JE, Hong DJ. Vitamin D status in South Korean military personnel with acute eosinophilic pneumonia: a pilot study. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2015;78:232-8.Article PubMed PMC
20. Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF. Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:690-3.Article PubMed
21. Lucidarme O, Messai E, Mazzoni T, Arcade M, du Cheyron D. Incidence and risk factors of vitamin D deficiency in critically ill patients: results from a prospective observational study. Intensive Care Med 2010;36:1609-11.Article PubMed
22. Lee P, Eisman JA, Center JR. Vitamin D deficiency in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2009;360:1912-4.Article
23. Lee P. Vitamin D metabolism and deficiency in critical illness. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;25:769-81.Article PubMed
24. Pittas AG, Laskowski U, Kos L, Saltzman E. Role of vitamin D in adults requiring nutrition support. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2010;34:70-8.Article PubMed PMC
25. Thadhani R, Appelbaum E, Pritchett Y, Chang Y, Wenger J, Tamez H, et al. Vitamin D therapy and cardiac structure and function in patients with chronic kidney disease: the PRIMO randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2012;307:674-84.Article PubMed
26. Nair P, Venkatesh B, Lee P, Kerr S, Hoechter DJ, Dimeski G, et al. A randomized study of a single dose of intramuscular cholecalciferol in critically ill adults. Crit Care Med 2015;43:2313-20.Article PubMed
27. Amrein K, Schnedl C, Holl A, Riedl R, Christopher K, Pachler C, et al. Effect of high-dose vitamin d3 on hospital length of stay in critically ill patients with vitamin d deficiency: the VITdAL-ICU randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014;312:1520-30.Article PubMed
28. Manaseki-Holland S, Maroof Z, Bruce J, Mughal MZ, Masher MI, Bhutta ZA, et al. Effect on the incidence of pneumonia of vitamin D supplementation by quarterly bolus dose to infants in Kabul: a randomised controlled superiority trial. Lancet 2012;379:1419-27.Article PubMed PMC
29. Amrein K, Sourij H, Wagner G, Holl A, Pieber TR, Smolle KH, et al. Short-term effects of high-dose oral vitamin D3 in critically ill vitamin D deficient patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Crit Care 2011;15:R104. Article PubMed PMC
30. Mata-Granados J, Vargas-Vasserot J, Ferreiro-Vera C, Luque de Castro ML, Pavón RG, Quesada Gó- mez JM. Evaluation of vitamin D endocrine system (VDES) status and response to treatment of patients in intensive care units (ICUs) using an on-line SPELC-MS/MS method. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010;121:452-5.Article PubMed

Figure & Data

References

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Vitamin D deficiency and mortality among critically ill surgical patients in an urban Korean hospital
Ji-hyun Lee, Seo-rin Doo, Dongha Kim, Yoo-kyoung Park, Eun-jeong Park, Jae-myeong Lee
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research.2022; 92(2): 101. CrossRef
Vitamin D Deficiency in Critically Ill Patients
Ji Hyun Lee, Jae-Myeong Lee
Surgical Metabolism and Nutrition.2017; 8(2): 17. CrossRef
Should We Measure Vitamin D Level?
Jae Hwa Cho
The Korean Journal of Critical Care Medicine.2016; 31(4): 369. CrossRef

PubReader
ePub Link

Cite

CITE: export Copy Format; Close

Download Citation

Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.

Format:

RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software

Include:

Citation for the content below
Citation and abstract for the content below

Prevalence and Related Factors of Vitamin D Deficiency in Critically Ill Patients

Korean J Crit Care Med. 2016;31(4):300-307. Published online November 30, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2016.00276

XML Download

Figure

Prevalence and Related Factors of Vitamin D Deficiency in Critically Ill Patients

Fig. 1. Flow chart of enrolled patients in this study. ICU: intensive care unit; MV: mechanical ventilator; 25(OH)D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D.

Fig. 1.

Prevalence and Related Factors of Vitamin D Deficiency in Critically Ill Patients

Characteristic	Serum 25(OH)D level		p-value
	< 20 ng/mL	≥ 20 ng/mL
	n = 194	n = 27
Sex (male)	132 (68.0)	17 (63.0)	0.598
Age (years)	64.4 ± 15.35	71.0 ± 9.60	0.049
BMI (kg/m²)	22.5 ± 4.84	20.5 ± 4.01	0.033
Ever-smokers	56 (28.9)	3 (11.1)	0.051
APACHE II	21 ± 6	16 ± 4	< 0.001
Comorbidities	150 (89.3)	18 (66.7)	0.224
Cardiovascular disease	26 (13.4)	2 (7.4)
Chronic pulmonary disease	57 (29.4)	7 (25.9)
Cerebrovascular disease	26 (13.4)	9 (33.3)
Diabetes mellitus	72 (37.1)	5 (18.5)
Liver disease	18 (9.3)	1 (3.7)
Renal disease	23 (11.9)	1 (3.7)
Malignancy	16 (8.2)	1 (3.7)
Gastric ulcer	7 (3.6)	0 (0)
Connective tissue disease	8 (4.1)	3 (11.1)
Season of ICU admission			0.360
Spring	68 (35.1)	5 (18.5)
Summer	56 (28.9)	11 (40.7)
Fall	31 (16.0)	5 (18.5)
Winter	39 (20.1)	6 (22.2)
Serum 25(OH)D (ng/mL)	9.6 ± 4.9	27.7 ± 7.3	< 0.001

Age	Comorbidity	Serum 25(OH)D level		Mean serum 25(OH)D level (ng/mL)
Age	Comorbidity	< 20 ng/mL	≥ 20 ng/mL	Mean serum 25(OH)D level (ng/mL)
20-29	1 (14.3)	7 (100)	0 (0)	11.0 ± 7.1
30-39	5 (41.7)	12 (100)	0 (0)	7.0 ± 3.5
40-49	12 (75.0)	14 (87.5)	2 (12.5)	9.4 ± 8.4
50-59	17 (68.0)	25 (100)	0 (0)	8.7 ± 4.2
60-69	45 (81.8)	49 (89.1)	6 (10.9)	12.4 ± 7.5
70-79	61 (79.2)	63 (81.8)	14 (18.2)	13.3 ± 7.4
80-89	26 (92.9)	23 (82.1)	5 (17.9)	13.6 ± 11.7
90-	1 (100.0)	1 (100)	0 (0)
Total	168 (76.0)	194 (87.8)	27 (12.2)

Factors	Univariable analysis		Multivariable analysis
Factors	OR of vitamin D deficiency	p–value	OR of vitamin D deficiency	p–value
Age	0.96 (0.93-1.00)	0.034	0.95 (0.91-0.96)	0.007
BMI	1.13 (1.01-1.26)	0.035	1.12 (0.99-1.28)	0.078
Comorbidity	1.71 (0.72-4.06)	0.228	3.12 (1.08–9.01)	0.036
APACHE Ⅱ	1.20 (1.09-1.31)	< 0.001	1.23 (1.10-1.37)	< 0.001

Clinical outcome	Serum 25(OH)D level		p-value
Clinical outcome	< 20 ng/mL	≥ 20 ng/mL	p-value
28-day mortality	37 (19.1)	7 (25.9)	0.403
90-day mortality	49 (25.3)	9 (33.3)	0.372
Duration of MV (days)	14.9 ± 34.0	10.6 ± 9.6	0.519
Duration of ICU admission (days)	17.9 ± 34.4	16.0 ±13.1	0.778
Duration of hospitalization (days)	35.0 ± 59.8	31.3 ± 27.4	0.748

Table 1. Baseline Characteristics

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).

25(OH)D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; BMI: body mass index; APACHE II: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II; ICU: intensive care unit.

Table 2. Proportions of comorbidity and vitamin D deficiency and mean serum vitamin D level according to age

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).

25(OH)D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D.

Table 3. Associated factors of vitamin D deficiency

Values are presented as OR (95% confidence interval).

OR: odds ratio; BMI: body mass index; APACHE II: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II.

Table 4. Clinical outcomes according to vitamin D deficiency

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).

25(OH)D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; MV: mechanical ventilation; ICU: intensive care unit.