High-dose Sulbactam Treatment for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Caused by Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii

In Beom Jeong; Moon Jun Na; Ji Woong Son; Do Yeon Jo; Sun Jung Kwon

doi:10.4266/kjccm.2015.00703

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Original Article High-dose Sulbactam Treatment for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Caused by Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii: In Beom Jeong, M.D., Moon Jun Na, M.D., Ji Woong Son, M.D., Do Yeon Jo, M.D., Sun Jung Kwon, M.D.; Korean Journal of Critical Care Medicine 2016;31(4):308-316.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2015.00703
Published online: November 30, 2016

Department of Internal Medicine, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea

Correspondence to: Sun Jung Kwon, Department of Internal Medicine, Konyang University College of Medicine, 158 Kwanjodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea Tel: +82-42-600-9100, Fax: +82-42-600-9090 E-mail: sjoongkwon@hanmail.net

• Received: December 17, 2015 • Revised: August 12, 2016 • Accepted: August 18, 2016

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
NOTES
REFERENCES

Abstract

Background
Several antibiotics can be used to treat ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB-VAP) including high-dose sulbactam. However, the effectiveness of high-dose sulbactam therapy is not well known. We report our experience with high-dose sulbactam for treatment of CRAB-VAP.
Methods
Medical records of patients with CRAB-VAP who were given high-dose sulbactam between May 2013 and June 2015 were reviewed.
Results
Fifty-eight patients with CRAB-VAP were treated with high-dose sulbactam. The mean age was 72.0 ± 15.2 years, and the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) score was 15.1 ± 5.10 at the time of CRAB-VAP diagnosis. Early clinical improvement was observed in 65.5% of patients, and 30-day mortality was 29.3%. Early clinical failure (odds ratio [OR]: 8.720, confidence interval [CI]: 1.346-56.484; p = 0.023) and APACHE II score ≥ 14 at CRAB-VAP diagnosis (OR: 10.934, CI: 1.047-114.148; p = 0.046) were associated with 30-day mortality.
Conclusions
High-dose sulbactam therapy may be effective for the treatment of CRAB-VAP. However, early clinical failure was observed in 35% of patients and was associated with poor outcome.
Keywords: acinetobacter; pneumonia, ventilator-associated; sulbactam

Introduction

Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) a non-lactose-fermenting, gram-negative coccobacillus found extensively in nature, has emerged as a major cause of nosocomial infection in critical care settings.[1] This microorganism is characterized by the rapid acquisition of resistance to multiple antibiotics[2] and survives longer in inanimate objects such as ventilator circuits, rubber, steel, and plastic and can colonize anywhere in the intensive care unit (ICU).[3]

Due to its ability to survive for an extended period of time on the surfaces of medical equipment and to acquire multiple antibiotic resistance, A. baumannii is a common cause of nosocomial infection,[4] causing a wide range of infections including wound infections, urinary tract infections, meningitis, bacteremia, and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). In VAP, carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) is currently one of the most problematic pathogens because the antimicrobial choices are limited due to the inherent and acquired resistance of the microorganism.

Several trials have evaluated effective antimicrobial agents for CRAB infections. The recommended antibiotic options are limited but include minocycline, tigecycline, and polymyxins. Minocycline and tigecycline have broad-spectrum in vitro activity against several multidrug-resistant strains of A. baumannii, suggesting them as suitable candidates for serious infections. However, data supporting clinical use, particularly in VAP caused by CRAB (CRAB-VAP), are limited.[5-7] Colistin, belonging to the polymyxin group, was first discovered in 1949 and became available in 1959.[8] However, due to the high incidence of adverse effects, colistin was discontinued for an extended period of time. Although multidrugresistant organisms such as CRAB compelled clinicians to reintroduce colistin to clinical practice recently, the adverse effects and development of resistance remain major concerns. Several recent studies showed that the incidence of colistin-associated nephrotoxicity has increased to approximately 40-43%. The use of aerosolized colistin to reduce nephrotoxicity remains controversial,[9,10] and clinicians use it with a high burden of toxicity.

Sulbactam is an irreversible inhibitor of beta-lactamase and is typically administered in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics. Although most beta-lactamase inhibitors do not exert antimicrobial activities, sulbactam has shown to have in vitro activity against Acinetobacter species.[11-13] Previous data from observational studies suggest that ampicillin-sulbactam is comparable in efficacy to imipenem in patients with A. baumannii bacteremia.[14] Strains resistant to carbapenems show in vitro susceptibility to sulbactam;[15] however, limited data exists supporting the therapeutic effects of sulbactam in CRAB-VAP. This study was designed to estimate the therapeutic effects of high-dose sulbactam and factors associated with poor outcome.

Materials and Methods

1) Study design

This was a retrospective case series study conducted in the 58-bed adult ICU of a university hospital in Daejeon, Korea. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board.

Medical records of patients who received ampicillin-sulbactam or piperacillin-sulbactam for CRAB-VAP between May 2013 and June 2015 were reviewed. Patients given high-dose sulbactam for CRAB-VAP treatment were enrolled in the study. Patients given any CRAB-targeted antimicrobial therapy before sulbactam were excluded, as were patients for whom sulbactam was delayed more than 24 hours after confirmation of CRAB-VAP diagnosis. The collected data included demographic characteristics, comorbidities, severity of disease, use of invasive procedures, laboratory results, antimicrobial therapy, and clinical outcome. The severity of illness was assessed using the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score on the first day of ICU admission and on the day of CRAB-VAP diagnosis.[16] Severity was also assessed using the modified Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) on the day of CRAB-VAP diagnosis and again five days later.[17] The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score was calculated daily to monitor changes in severity.[18]

2) Definitions

Diagnosis of pneumonia required the presence of new or persistent pulmonary infiltrates. Additionally, at least two of the following criteria were required: (1) body temperature > 38.4°C or < 36.0°C, (2) leukocyte count > 11,000/mm³ or < 4000/mm³ , and (3) purulent sputum. Pneumonia that developed after 72 hours of mechanical ventilation was considered VAP.

The etiology of VAP was established by isolation of the organism from endotracheal aspirates or bronchoalveolar lavage with moderate or heavy growth based on semi-quantitative culture, or concentration ≥ 10⁴ CFU/mL using a quantitative technique. Because the isolates of A. baumannii are often multidrug resistant,[19] CRAB was defined as A. baumannii resistant to multiple antibiotics including meropenem and/or imipenem-cilastatin, excluding colistin and tigecycline. CRAB-VAP was diagnosed after confirmation of CRAB in VAP patients.

Clinical outcome was divided as early clinical improvement or early clinical failure. Early clinical improvement was assessed using five CPIS items (fever, leukocyte count, oxygenation status, quantity and purulence of tracheal secretions, and radiographic abnormality) and defined as decreased modified CPIS after five days of sulbactam treatment. A score greater than or equal to the previous CPIS was considered an early clinical failure.

Microbiological outcome was classified as microbiological improvement or microbiological failure. Microbiological improvement was defined as the eradication of pathogen (no pathogen growth in two consecutive cultures after treatment), and microbiological failure was defined as persistent A. baumannii in any sputum culture after treatment.

Decrease of kidney function was defined as a decrease of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) > 20 mL/min/1.73 m² during five days of treatment and was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formula.[20] SOFA score increase was defined as an increase in the score during five days of treatment.

3) Drug administration

For most patients, sulbactam was administered at a daily dose of 8 g. Approximately eight vials of piperacillin-sulbactam (16 g piperacillin, 8 g sulbactam) were administered, and 32 vials of ampicillin-sulbactam (16 g ampicillin, 8 g sulbactam) were administered per day. The attending physician adjusted the dose based on the patient’s body weight and kidney function. In our hospital, cefoperazone-sulbactam was not available and thus was not included in this study.

4) Microbiological methods

Sputum samples were collected by bronchoscopic lavage or endotracheal suction. Microbial identification and susceptibility testing were conducted using the MicroScan WalkAway Plus System (Siemens, Deerfield, IL, USA). Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.[21] Tested antibiotics were aminoglycoside, ampicillin-sulbactam, cefepime, cefotaxime, piperacillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, meropenem, tigecycline, and colistin.

5) Statistical analysis

Continuous variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test or paired t-test when appropriate. Categorical variables were compared using Pearson’s Chi square test or Fisher’s exact test. Variables from univariate analyses with a p-value < 0.05 were candidates for multivariate analysis. Univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors associated with 30-day mortality were performed using Cox proportional hazards regression models. The statistical computing program R-3.1.3 was used for the statistical analyses.

Results

During the study period, 58 CRAB-VAP patients were treated with high-dose sulbactam. Table 1 shows the demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients. Most patients were male (38; 66%), and the mean age was 72 ± 15.2 years. The mean Charlson comorbidities index was 6.4 ± 2.4, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was the most common underlying respiratory disease (n = 27; 46.6%). The mean hospital stay before CRAB-VAP was 19.4 ± 22.4 days, and the mean ICU stay was 15.5 ± 17.8 days. The mean APACHE II score was 20.5 ± 15.2 at ICU admission and 15.1 ± 5.10 at CRAB-VAP diagnosis. At the day of CRAB-VAP diagnosis, CPIS was 6.25 ± 1.5, eGFR was 81.7 ± 42.2 mL/min/1.73 m², and SOFA was 5.3 ± 3.2. All CRAB showed resistance to multiple antibiotics including ampicillin-sulbactam (MIC > 16/8 µ/mL), meropenem (MIC > 8 µ/mL), and imipenem (MIC > 8 µ/mL), but did not show resistance to colistin (MIC ≤ 2 µ/mL) or tigecycline (MIC ≤ 2 µ/mL).

A daily dose of sulbactam (8 g/day) was given to most patients. Because the dose was adjusted to the patient’s eGRF and body weight, the average sulbactam dose for all patients was 7 g/day. The mean body weight was 53.7 ± 11.4 kg, and 130 ± 64 mg/kg of sulbactam was administered. Twenty-six patients received ampicillin-sulbactam and 32 received piperacillin sulbactam. Sulbactam dose was not significantly different between the two sulbactam-containing antibiotics (132 ± 73 mg/kg for ampicillin-sulbactam vs. 129 ± 51 mg/kg for piperacillin-sulbactam, p = 0.850).

Among the patients, 17 (29.3%) died within 30 days after CRAB-VAP diagnosis; 15-day mortality was 12.1%. Table 2 shows the univariate analysis of potential risk factors for 30-day mortality. Among the variables, age (p = 0.002), APACHE II score > 14 at CRAB-VAP diagnosis (p = 0.002), eGRF decrease (p = 0.001), SOFA increase (p = 0.015), and early clinical failure (p = 0.000), were associated with 30-day mortality. There were no significant differences regarding the type of combined beta-lactam (ampicillin 69.2% vs. 30.8%; piperacillin 56.1% vs. 52.9%, p = 1.000), gender (male 70.7% vs. 52.9%, p = 0.502), APACHE II score at ICU admission (20.1 vs. 22.0, p = 0.286), days of hospital stay (22.9 vs. 14.9, p = 0.216), or ICU stay before CRAB-VAP (18.2 days vs. 12.4 days, p = 0.192). Charlson comorbidities index, eGFR, SOFA, and CPIS at CRAB-VAP diagnosis were also not associated with mortality. Several microorganisms were isolated together with CRAB. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was identified in 20 patients (34.5%) and Pseudomonas in 2 patients (3.4%). Due to the high rate of co-infection with MRSA, glycopeptide antibiotics were the most commonly administered with sulbactam (n = 26, 44.8%). Several other antibiotics were also given simultaneously (n = 35, 60.3%); however, no significant difference in mortality was observed regarding co-administered antibiotics or co-infection with other microorganisms.

Multivariate analysis using a logistic regression model showed that the factors associated with 30-day mortality were early clinical failure (odds ratio [OR]: 8.720, confidence interval [CI]: 1.35-56.48; p = 0.023) and APACHE II score ≥ 14 at CRAB-VAP diagnosis (OR: 10.934, CI: 1.05-114.15; p = 0.046; Table 3).

Discussion

Several previous studies evaluated the efficacy of high-dose sulbactam for the treatment of CRAB-VAP. However, because the studies were conducted with small populations, mortality predictors were not assessed. Betrosian et al.[22] conducted a prospective study comparing the efficacy of ampicillin-sulbactam and colistin for the treatment of CARB-VAP. In their study, 13 patients were treated with high-dose ampicillin-sulbactam (9 g/day as sulbactam), and the mean APACHE II score was 14 ± 5. Clinical improvement was observed in 69.1% of the patients, 15.3% died within 14 days, and 28-day mortality was 30.0%. The clinical outcome of high-dose sulbactam was not significantly worse than that of colistin (28-day mortality: 33.3%). In another study by the same authors, a comparison between two different doses of sulbactam (9 g/day vs. 12 g/day) was conducted.[23] Clinical improvement was observed in 66.7% of the study population, and the 30-day mortality was 48.1%; no significant difference in mortality rate was observed between the groups. Wood et al.[24] retrospectively studied 77 CRAB-VAP patients; 14 patients were treated with ampicillin-sulbactam, and 63 patients were treated with imipenem-cilastatin. However, the total dose of sulbactam administered was not provided. In the ampicillin-sulbactam group, clinical improvement was observed in 93% of patients, and there were no mortalities (17% mortality in the imipenem group). In another study, 12 patients were treated with ampicillin-sulbactam, 75% of whom showed clinical improvement.[25] In the present study, clinical improvement was observed in 65.5% of patients, and the 30-day mortality rate was 29.3%. Clinical outcome was consistent with previous studies that used sulbactam as a therapeutic agent. A majority of previous studies evaluating the efficacy of colistin-based therapy for CRAB-VAP reported a 30-day mortality of 27-43%.[26-29] Based on these results, possible noninferiority of high-dose sulbactam to colistin in CRAB-VAP treatment can be assumed.

Factors such as APACHE II score at CRAB-VAP diagnosis, early clinical failure, SOFA score increase, and increasing age were associated with higher 30-day mortality in univariate analyses. Worsening of pneumonia that leads to death is usually accompanied by multi-organ failure. Hence, the association between SOFA score increase and mortality is reasonable. Increasing age also showed significant association with 30-day mortality. To adjust covariates, multivariate analyses were performed. The risk factors of 30-day mortality in patients with CRAB-VAP treated with high-dose sulbactam were early clinical failure and APACHE II score at CRAB-VAP diagnosis. APACHE II score is a widely used prognosis evaluation tool for ICU patients. However, in the present study, no association was found between APACHE II score at ICU admission and 30-day mortality. Due to long ICU stays (15.5 days) before CRAB-VAP diagnosis, APACHE II scores at the first day of ICU admission did not correlate with the mortality of patients later diagnosed with CRAB-VAP. To avoid selection bias, we also calculated the APACHE II score at CRAB-VAP diagnosis. There was a strong correlation between 30-day mortality and APACHE II score at CRAB-VAP diagnosis; APACHE II score > 14 showed the strongest association. We believe recalculating APACHE score when VAP develops is useful for estimating the prognosis.

Early clinical failure, which was determined five days after high-dose sulbactam treatment, was strongly associated with 30-day mortality. Since early clinical failure is a risk factor of mortality, we recommend considering a prompt change of antibiotic in early clinical failure. Although antibiotic options for CRAB-VAP are limited, we consider an antibiotic change more reasonable than waiting for improvement with successive sulbactam administration.[30]

We administered approximately 8 g of sulbactam daily to most patients. Dose was modified by the attending physician according to the patient’s body weight and renal function. Mean administered dosage was 7 g. A previous study showed no difference in clinical outcomes between 9 g/day and 12 g/day dosages.[23] Another study, in which 4 g of sulbactam was administered per day, 60.0% of patients showed clinical improvement. However, the study results did not show the efficacy of relatively low-dose sulbactam treatment because sulbactam was administered with colistin in some patients, and the number of VAP patients was too small.[31] We suggest that a daily sulbactam dose of 8 g is reasonable for patients with average weight and favorable renal function.

In this study, two forms of sulbactam were used, piperacillin-sulbactam and ampicillin-sulbactam. This is the first study that used piperacillin-sulbactam as a sulbactam regimen for treatment of CRAB-VAP. No differences were observed between the two regimens with regard to clinical outcomes of mortality, early treatment failure, and decrease in renal function. Although a small number of patients were used for analysis, piperacillin-sulbactam showed equal therapeutic efficacy to ampicillin-sulbactam.

Among the CRAB-VAP patients, co-infection with other microorganisms was observed in 39.6% of patients; MRSA was the most common microorganism. Among 20 (34.5%) patients infected with MRSA concurrently with CRAB, 17 (41.5%) were in the survivor group, and three (17.6%) were in the mortality group. Eighteen (43.9%) patients in the survivor group and eight (47.1%) patients in the mortality group were given a glycopeptide antibiotic and sulbactam; however, no significant difference was observed for the glycopeptide combination for MRSA co-infection (p = 0.826 and p = 0.082, respectively). Because the glycopeptide has no antibacterial activity against CRAB, we hypothesized that it does not affect CRAB-VAP treatment outcome. Several other types of antibiotics were co-administered in 79.3% patients; none of these antibiotics had an antibacterial effect on CRAB. There was no difference in 30-day mortality regardless of antibiotic combination (sulbactam monotherapy group: 25% vs. combination group: 30.4%; p = 0.713).

This study had several limitations. The study was adapted from a single center, and a small number of patients were enrolled. Additionally, the study was conducted retrospectively, so selection bias may have occurred. Since treatment was administered by several attending physicians from the medical or surgical ICU, the decisions were physician-dependent despite similar clinical situations. Radiologic review was performed by only one physician; thus, the validity of the review cannot be guaranteed.

We conclude that high-dose sulbactam can be effective for the treatment of CRAB-VAP. However, early clinical failure is common and is associated with higher mortality with this treatment. Therefore, we recommend prompt change of antibiotics when clinical deterioration is observed during the early stages of high-dose sulbactam treatment. A larger prospective randomized controlled study is recommended.

NOTES

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Table 1.

Demographics and clinical characteristics of patients treated with high-dose sulbactam

	Patients (n = 58)
Mean age (years)	72.0 ± 15.2
Male gender	38 (65.5)
BMI	20.6 (3.2)
ABW (kg)	53.7 (11.4)
Charlson comorbidities index	6.4 ± 2.4
Underlying disease
Diabetes mellitus	12 (20.6)
Hypertension	31 (53.4)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	27 (46.6)
Chronic kidney disease	11 (18.8)
Congestive heart failure	18 (31.0)
Cerebrovascular accident	25 (43.1)
Malignancy	7 (12.1)
Length of hospital stay, days (IQR)	19.4 ± 22.4
Length of ICU stay, days (IQR)	15.5 ± 17.8
APACHE II at ICU admission (IQR)	20.5 ± 15.2
APACHE II at CRAB-VAP diagnosis (IQR)	15.1 ± 5.10
CPIS at CRAB-VAP diagnosis	6.25 ± 1.5
eGFR at CRAB-VAP diagnosis	81.7 ± 42.2
SOFA at CRAB-VAP diagnosis	5.3 ± 3.2
Co-infection with other organism	23 (39.6)
MRSA	20 (34.5)
Pseudomonas	2 (3.4)

Values are presented as mean ± SD or n (%).

BMI: body mass index; ABW: actual body weight; IQR: interquartile range; ICU: intensive care unit; APACHE II: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II; CRAB: carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii; VAP: ventilator-associated pneumonia; CPIS: clinical pulmonary infection score; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; SOFA: sequential organ failure assessment; MRSA: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Table 2.

Clinical and demographic characteristic differences between survivors and non-survivors

	Survivor (n = 41)	Non-survivor (n = 17)	p-value
Ampicillin-sulbactam	18 (69.2)	8 (30.8)	0.826
Piperacillin-sulbactam	23 (56.1)	9 (52.9)
Sulbactam dose (mg/kg)	122 ± 51	151 ± 87	0.208
Male gender	29 (70.7)	9 (52.9)	0.502
Age (years)	69.5 ± 14.3	77.8 ± 16.1	0.002
APACHE II at ICU admission	19.7 ± 7.7	22.3 ± 7.1	0.188
APACHE II at CRAB-VAP diagnosis	13.5 ± 4.4	19.0 ± 4.5	0.001
APACHE II ≥ 14 at CRAB-VAP diagnosis	21 (51.2)	16 (94.1)	0.002
Length of hospital stay, days	22.2 ± 25.8	12.7 ± 7.8	0.216
Length of ICU stay, days	17.5 ± 20.5	10.8 ± 7.5	0.192
Charlson comorbidities index	6.19	7.00	0.139
Diabetes mellitus	8 (19.5)	4 (23.5)	0.733
COPD	20 (48.8)	7 (41.2)	0.773
Hypertension	22 (53.7)	9 (52.9)	0.960
Cerebrovascular accident	16 (39.0)	9 (52.9)	0.390
Chronic kidney disease	8 (19.5)	3 (17.6)	0.869
Congestive heart failure	12 (29.3)	6 (35.3)	0.758
Malignancy	6 (14.6)	1 (5.9)	0.329
Co-infection with other organism	18 (43.9)	5 (29.4)	0.304
MRSA	17 (41.5)	3 (17.6)	0.082
Pseudomonas	1 (2.4)	1 (5.9)	0.513
Others	1 (2.4)	1 (5.9)	0.504
Combined antibiotics
Carbapenem	4 (9.8)	1 (5.9)	1.000
Glycopeptide	18 (43.9)	8 (47.1)	0.826
Quinolone	5 (12.2)	2 (11.8)	1.000
Aminoglycoside	7 (17.1)	4 (23.5)	0.715
Cephalosporin	2 (4.9)	2 (11.8)	0.573
Antipseudomonal beta-lactam	3 (7.3)	1 (5.9)	1.000
Others	1 (2.4)	3 (17.6)	0.071
CPIS at CRAB-VAP diagnosis	6.45 ± 1.6	5.76 ± 1.1	0.061
Early treatment failure	7 (17.1)	13 (76.5)	< 0.001
SOFA at CRAB-VAP diagnosis	5.1 ± 3.4	5.9 ± 2.5	0.143
SOFA score increase	12 (30.0)	11 (64.7)	0.020
Microbiologic improvement	27 (65.9)	5 (38.5)	0.109
Radiologic improvement	25 (61.0)	7 (41.2)	0.247

APACHE II: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II; ICU: intensive care unit; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MRSA: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; CPIS: clinical pulmonary infection score; CRAB: carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii; VAP: ventilator-associated pneumonia; SOFA: sequential organ failure assessment.

Table 3.

Risk factors of 30-day mortality in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia

	Odds ratio	Confidence Intervals	p-value
Early clinical failure	8.720	1.35-56.48	0.023
APACHE II ≥14	10.934	1.05-114.15	0.046

APACHE II: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II.

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High-dose Sulbactam Treatment for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Caused by Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii

Korean J Crit Care Med. 2016;31(4):308-316. Published online November 30, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2015.00703

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High-dose Sulbactam Treatment for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Caused by Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii

	Patients (n = 58)
Mean age (years)	72.0 ± 15.2
Male gender	38 (65.5)
BMI	20.6 (3.2)
ABW (kg)	53.7 (11.4)
Charlson comorbidities index	6.4 ± 2.4
Underlying disease
Diabetes mellitus	12 (20.6)
Hypertension	31 (53.4)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	27 (46.6)
Chronic kidney disease	11 (18.8)
Congestive heart failure	18 (31.0)
Cerebrovascular accident	25 (43.1)
Malignancy	7 (12.1)
Length of hospital stay, days (IQR)	19.4 ± 22.4
Length of ICU stay, days (IQR)	15.5 ± 17.8
APACHE II at ICU admission (IQR)	20.5 ± 15.2
APACHE II at CRAB-VAP diagnosis (IQR)	15.1 ± 5.10
CPIS at CRAB-VAP diagnosis	6.25 ± 1.5
eGFR at CRAB-VAP diagnosis	81.7 ± 42.2
SOFA at CRAB-VAP diagnosis	5.3 ± 3.2
Co-infection with other organism	23 (39.6)
MRSA	20 (34.5)
Pseudomonas	2 (3.4)

	Survivor (n = 41)	Non-survivor (n = 17)	p-value
Ampicillin-sulbactam	18 (69.2)	8 (30.8)	0.826
Piperacillin-sulbactam	23 (56.1)	9 (52.9)
Sulbactam dose (mg/kg)	122 ± 51	151 ± 87	0.208
Male gender	29 (70.7)	9 (52.9)	0.502
Age (years)	69.5 ± 14.3	77.8 ± 16.1	0.002
APACHE II at ICU admission	19.7 ± 7.7	22.3 ± 7.1	0.188
APACHE II at CRAB-VAP diagnosis	13.5 ± 4.4	19.0 ± 4.5	0.001
APACHE II ≥ 14 at CRAB-VAP diagnosis	21 (51.2)	16 (94.1)	0.002
Length of hospital stay, days	22.2 ± 25.8	12.7 ± 7.8	0.216
Length of ICU stay, days	17.5 ± 20.5	10.8 ± 7.5	0.192
Charlson comorbidities index	6.19	7.00	0.139
Diabetes mellitus	8 (19.5)	4 (23.5)	0.733
COPD	20 (48.8)	7 (41.2)	0.773
Hypertension	22 (53.7)	9 (52.9)	0.960
Cerebrovascular accident	16 (39.0)	9 (52.9)	0.390
Chronic kidney disease	8 (19.5)	3 (17.6)	0.869
Congestive heart failure	12 (29.3)	6 (35.3)	0.758
Malignancy	6 (14.6)	1 (5.9)	0.329
Co-infection with other organism	18 (43.9)	5 (29.4)	0.304
MRSA	17 (41.5)	3 (17.6)	0.082
Pseudomonas	1 (2.4)	1 (5.9)	0.513
Others	1 (2.4)	1 (5.9)	0.504
Combined antibiotics
Carbapenem	4 (9.8)	1 (5.9)	1.000
Glycopeptide	18 (43.9)	8 (47.1)	0.826
Quinolone	5 (12.2)	2 (11.8)	1.000
Aminoglycoside	7 (17.1)	4 (23.5)	0.715
Cephalosporin	2 (4.9)	2 (11.8)	0.573
Antipseudomonal beta-lactam	3 (7.3)	1 (5.9)	1.000
Others	1 (2.4)	3 (17.6)	0.071
CPIS at CRAB-VAP diagnosis	6.45 ± 1.6	5.76 ± 1.1	0.061
Early treatment failure	7 (17.1)	13 (76.5)	< 0.001
SOFA at CRAB-VAP diagnosis	5.1 ± 3.4	5.9 ± 2.5	0.143
SOFA score increase	12 (30.0)	11 (64.7)	0.020
Microbiologic improvement	27 (65.9)	5 (38.5)	0.109
Radiologic improvement	25 (61.0)	7 (41.2)	0.247

	Odds ratio	Confidence Intervals	p-value
Early clinical failure	8.720	1.35-56.48	0.023
APACHE II ≥14	10.934	1.05-114.15	0.046

Table 1. Demographics and clinical characteristics of patients treated with high-dose sulbactam

Values are presented as mean ± SD or n (%).

BMI: body mass index; ABW: actual body weight; IQR: interquartile range; ICU: intensive care unit; APACHE II: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II; CRAB: carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii; VAP: ventilator-associated pneumonia; CPIS: clinical pulmonary infection score; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; SOFA: sequential organ failure assessment; MRSA: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Table 2. Clinical and demographic characteristic differences between survivors and non-survivors

APACHE II: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II; ICU: intensive care unit; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MRSA: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; CPIS: clinical pulmonary infection score; CRAB: carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii; VAP: ventilator-associated pneumonia; SOFA: sequential organ failure assessment.

Table 3. Risk factors of 30-day mortality in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia

APACHE II: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II.