1Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
2Division of Psychiatry, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
3Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
4Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
5Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
6Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
Copyright © 2022 The Korean Society of Critical Care Medicine
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conceptualization: RJS, CL, RCC. Data curation: VPS, ST, BK. Formal analysis: RJS. Methodology: RCC. Project administration: VPS, RCC. Writing–original draft: RJS. Writing–review & editing: CL, VPS, RCC.
Variable | Total cohort | No delirium (n=78) | Delirium (n=41) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Patient characteristics | ||||
Age (yr) | 64 (50–75) | 66.6 (55.8–75) | 55 (46.5–69.5) | 0.01a |
Female | 40 (33.6) | 24 (30.8) | 16 (39) | 0.42 |
APS score | 45 (31–59) | 38 (26.8–48.3) | 59 (40–84.5) | <0.001a |
APACHE IV score | 56 (39–75) | 53 (37.5–65.3) | 79 (52–98.5) | <0.001a |
Prior history of CVA (ischemic stroke) | 8 (6.7) | 4 (5.1) | 4 (9.8) | 0.44 |
Prior history of hemorrhagic stroke | 3 (2.5) | 1 (1.3) | 2 (4.9) | 0.27 |
Prior history of TBI | 3 (2.5) | 2 (2.6) | 1 (2.4) | 1.00 |
Pre-existing cognitive impairment | 2 (1.7) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (2.4) | 1.00 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.9 (25–33.5) | 28.5 (24.9–33.8) | 28.9 (25.7–32.7) | 0.78 |
Code status (full code) | 118 (99.2) | 77 (98.7) | 41 (100) | 1.00 |
DM | 47 (39.5) | 30 (38.5) | 17 (41.5) | 0.84 |
HTN | 51 (42.9) | 34 (43.6) | 17 (41.5) | 0.85 |
CAD | 33 (27.7) | 25 (32.1) | 8 (19.5) | 0.20 |
Cancer | 14 (11.8) | 11 (14.1) | 3 (7.3) | 0.38 |
CKD | 17 (14.3) | 13 (16.7) | 4 (9.8) | 0.41 |
ESRD | 3 (2.5) | 3 (3.9) | 0 | 0.55 |
Cirrhosis | 7 (5.9) | 6 (7.7) | 1 (2.4) | 0.42 |
Hepatic failure | 1 (0.84) | 1 (1.3) | 0 | 1.00 |
Metastatic carcinoma | 3 (2.5) | 1 (1.3) | 2 (4.9) | 0.27 |
Leukemia/myeloma | 3 (2.5) | 3 (3.9) | 0 | 0.55 |
Immunosuppression | 14 (11.8) | 6 (7.7) | 8 (19.5) | 0.07 |
Trauma | 1 (0.8) | 1 (1.3) | 0 | 1.00 |
Hospital course | ||||
ICU LOS (day) | 3.3 (1.9–10.4) | 2.2 (1.3–4.0) | 14.5 (3.7–33.2) | <0.001a |
Hospital LOS (day) | 9.9 (1.1–10.4) | 7.1 (5.0–10.9) | 23.2 (16.8–40.2) | <0.001a |
ICU mortality | 12 (10.1) | 7 (9.0) | 5 (12.2) | 0.75 |
Hospital mortality | 13 (10.9) | 7 (9.0) | 6 (14.6) | 0.37 |
Sepsis | 66 (55.5) | 37 (47.4) | 29 (70.7) | 0.02a |
Septic shock | 37 (31.1) | 19 (24.4) | 18 (43.9) | 0.04a |
Sepsis or septic shock | 66 (55.5) | 37 (47.4) | 29 (70.7) | 0.02a |
COVID-19 | 38 (31.9) | 18 (23.1) | 20 (48.8) | 0.007a |
28-Day mortality | 13 (10.9) | 7 (9.0) | 6 (14.6) | 0.37 |
GCS | 15 (10–15) | 15 (11.8–15) | 11 (3–15) | <0.001a |
Pre-ICU day | 1 (0–2) | 0 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0.47 |
Emergency surgery | 5 (4.2) | 3 (3.9) | 2 (4.9) | 1.00 |
Thrombolysis | 5 (4.2) | 4 (5.1) | 1 (2.4) | 0.66 |
CRRT | 17 (14.3) | 5 (6.4) | 12 (29.3) | <0.01a |
ECMO | 11 (9.2) | 1 (1.3) | 10 (24.4) | <0.001a |
LVAD | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 1 (2.4) | 0.34 |
RVAD | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 1 (2.4) | 0.34 |
Labs & vitals | ||||
Positive culture | 27 (22.7) | 15 (19.2) | 12 (29.3) | 0.25 |
Initial lactate (mmol/L) | 1.5 (1.1–3) | 1.4 (1.1–2.8) | 1.7 (1.1–3.7) | 0.32 |
Highest lactate (mmol/L) | 1.8 (1.1–3.8) | 1.7 (1.1–3.6) | 1.9 (1.3–3.8) | 0.34 |
Lactate clearance (mmol/L) | 1.6 (1.3–2.9) | 1.6 (1.3–2.8) | 2.2 (1.4–3.1) | 0.36 |
Ionized calcium (mg/dL) | 4.5 (4.2–4.7) | 4.5 (4.3–4.8) | 4.4 (4.2–4.6) | 0.36 |
Calcium (mg/dl) | 8.2 (7.8–8.7) | 8.3 (7.8–8.8) | 8.1 (7.5–8.4) | 0.07 |
Temperature (°C) | 37.5 (36.7–38.4) | 37.5 (36.7–38.5) | 37.3 (36.8–38.1) | 0.46 |
MAP (mm Hg) | 62.0 (58.0–70.0) | 61.0 (56.0–67.8) | 64 (58.5–71.5) | 0.22 |
HR (beats/min) | 98.0 (88.0–111.0) | 97.5 (86.8–108.0) | 101.0 (90.0–118.0) | 0.09 |
RR (/min) | 25.0 (20.0–29.0) | 24.0 (20.0–29.0) | 27.0 (22.5–32.0) | 0.08 |
MV | 64 (53.8) | 36 (46.2) | 28 (68.3) | 0.03a |
FiO2(%) | 50 (40–70) | 50 (32–60) | 70 (50–100) | <0.001a |
PaO2 (mm Hg) | 90 (77–111) | 90 (80–121) | 87 (72–105) | 0.22 |
PaCO2 (mm Hg) | 36 (31–40) | 36 (32–40) | 37 (31–44) | 0.19 |
Arterial pH | 7.40 (7.34–7.43) | 7.40 (7.36–7.44) | 7.36 (7.27–7.43) | 0.01a |
Na+ (mmol/L) | 138.0 (134.0–141.0) | 138.5 (135.6–141.0) | 136.0 (132.5–140.0) | 0.07 |
Urine output (ml/24 hr) | 1,687.0 (1,160.0–2,385.0) | 1,640.5 (1,178.0–2,392.5) | 1,735.0 (977.5–2,387.5) | 0.95 |
Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.1 (0.8–1.7) | 1.1 (0.8–1.7) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 0.49 |
BUN (mg/dl) | 18.5 (13.0–28.0) | 16.6 (12.0–25.3) | 24.0 (13.5–38.0) | 0.05a |
Glucose (mg/dl) | 151 (114–188) | 140.5 (110–174) | 168 (137–260) | <0.01a |
Albumin (g/dl) | 3.5 (3.0–4.0) | 3.8 (3.2–4.0) | 3.3 (2.6–3.7) | <0.01a |
Bilirubin (mg/dl) | 0.7 (0.4–1.0) | 0.7 (0.4–1.0) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) | 0.53 |
Hct (%) | 33.0 (27.9–37.7) | 33.8 (27.8–37.7) | 32.2 (27.1–38.3) | 0.79 |
WBC (×109/L) | 10.0 (6.9–15.0) | 9.5 (6.7–13.1) | 11.4 (8.8–16.3) | 0.03a |
Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (%).
APS: Acute Physiology Score; APACHE: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; CVA: cerebrovascular accident; TBI: traumatic brain injury; BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; HTN: hypertension; CAD: coronary artery disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; ESRD: end stage renal disease; ICU: intensive care unit; LOS: length of stay; COVID-19: coronavirus disease-19; GCS: Glasgow coma scale; CRRT: continuous renal replacement therapy; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; LVAD: left ventricular assist device; RVAD: right ventricular assist device; MAP: mean arterial pressure; HR: heart rate; RR: respiration rate; MV: mechanical ventilation; FiO2: fraction of inspired oxygen; PaO2: partial pressure of oxygen; PaCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; Hct: hematocrit; WBC: white blood cell.
aP≤0.05.
Variable | Total cohort | No delirium (n=78) | Delirium (n=41) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Recent surgery | 52 (43.7) | 41 (52.6) | 11 (26.8) | 0.01a |
Total blood loss from all surgical procedures (ml) | 105 (100–450) | 103 (100–500) | 125 (100–300) | 0.96 |
Total surgical time from all surgical procedures (min) | 304 (246.8–408.3) | 306 (250.5–396.0) | 284 (225.0–486.0) | 0.90 |
Recent inhaled anesthetic | 54 (45.4) | 42 (53.9) | 12 (29.3) | 0.01a |
Total duration of inhaled anesthesia from all surgical procedures (min) | 302 (234–415) | 304 (248–389) | 255 (207–517) | 0.83 |
Variable | Total cohort | No delirium (n=78) | Delirium (n=41) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Benzodiazepine (in lorazepam equivalents) | ||||
Diazepam | 17.0 (14.3) | 4.0 (5.1) | 13.0 (31.7) | <0.001a |
Diazepam dose (mg) | 24.0 (9.0–43.5) | 10.0 (3.2–560.6) | 29.0 (14.5–43.5) | 0.34 |
Midazolam | 83.0 (69.8) | 48.0 (61.5) | 35.0 (85.4) | 0.01a |
Midazolam dose (mg) | 5.5 (3.0–256.0) | 3.7 (2.5–6.0) | 176.5 (7.5–1,049.4) | <0.001a |
Lorazepam | 21.0 (17.7) | 15.0 (19.2) | 6.0 (14.6) | 0.62 |
Lorazepam dose (mg) | 1.5 (0.5–2.5) | 1.5 (0.5–2.5) | 1.0 (0.8–21.3) | 1.00 |
Alprazolam | 7.0 (5.9) | 6 (7.7) | 1.0 (2.4) | 0.42 |
Alprazolam dose (mg) | 3.6 (1.0–5.0) | 3.8 (1.0–5.4) | 2.0 | 0.8 |
Sedative | ||||
Etomidate | 37 (31.1) | 23 (29.5) | 14 (31.2) | 0.68 |
Etomidate dose (mg) | 20 (20–30) | 24 (20–30) | 20 (20–23) | 0.03a |
Methocarbamol | 4 (3.4) | 2 (2.6) | 2 (4.9) | 0.61 |
Methocarbamol dose (mg) | 7,000 (1,250–8,500) | 7,000 (2,000–7,000) | 5,250 (500–10,000) | 1.00 |
Propofol | 62 (52.1) | 39 (50.0) | 23 (56.1) | 0.57 |
Propofol dose (mg) | 453.8 (130.1–2,484.8) | 260.9 (120.0–1,012.0) | 1,000.0 (133.5–3,875.0) | 0.28 |
Dexmedetomidine | 59 (49.6) | 33 (42.3) | 26 (63.4) | 0.03a |
Dexmedetomidine dose (μg) | 774.0 (264.8–2,800.0) | 383.0 (158.0–806.2) | 2,800.0 (987.2–7,637.9) | <0.001a |
Ketamine | 19 (16.0) | 7 (9.0) | 12 (29.3) | 0.01a |
Ketamine dose (mg) | 1,294.9 (30.0–3,860.2) | 30.0 (10.0–3,841.6) | 2,915.4 (69.6–4,703.3) | 0.22 |
Opioid (in morphine equivalents) | ||||
Fentanyl | 98 (82.4) | 61 (78.2) | 37 (90.2) | 0.13 |
Fentanyl dose (mg) | 152.5 (39.2–371.6) | 133.8 (28.1–196.9) | 351.1 (60.7–1,374) | <0.01a |
Hydromorphone | 50 (42.0) | 29 (37.2) | 21 (51.2) | 0.17 |
Hydromorphone dose (mg) | 18.2 (4.0–339.0) | 8.0 (4.0–66.6) | 322.7 (6.0–9,719.9) | 0.01a |
Morphine | 18 (15.1) | 11 (14.1) | 7 (17.1) | 0.79 |
Morphine dose (mg) | 8.5 (4.0–25.5) | 11 (4.0–18.0) | 6 (4.0–48.0) | 0.75 |
Oxycodone | 45 (37.8) | 39 (50.0) | 6 (14.6) | <0.001a |
Oxycodone dose (mg) | 97.5 (45.0–161.3) | 97.5 (45.0–165.0) | 45 (37.5–630.0) | 0.63 |
Total morphine equivalents (mg) | 249 (102.1–797.7) | 235 (71.5–380.0) | 742 (151.8–3,700.3) | <0.01a |
Antibiotics | ||||
Cefazolin | 53 (44.5) | 41 (52.6) | 12 (29.3) | 0.02a |
Cefazolin dose (g) | 12 (6–12) | 12 (7–12) | 9 (4–12) | 0.25 |
Cefepime | 25 (21.0) | 12 (15.4) | 13 (31.7) | 0.06 |
Cefepime dose (g) | 12 (4.3–23.0) | 9 (2.5–22.5) | 13 (7.3–32.0) | 0.39 |
Vancomycin | 64 (53.8) | 33 (42.3) | 31 (75.6) | <0.001a |
Vancomycin dose (g) | 3 (1.8–5.3) | 3 (1.8–5.6) | 3 (1.8–5.3) | 0.89 |
Acyclovir | 2 (1.7) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (2.4) | 1.00 |
Acyclovir dose (g) | 3.1 (1.4–4.8) | 1.4 | 4.8 | 1.00 |
Azithromycin | 37 (31.1) | 18 (23.1) | 19 (46.3) | 0.01a |
Azithromycin dose (g) | 1.5 (1.0–2.5) | 1.8 (1.4–2.5) | 1.5 (1–2.5) | 0.72 |
Piperacillin | 53 (44.5) | 27 (34.6) | 26 (63.4) | <0.01a |
Piperacillin dose (g) | 37.1 (20.3–91.7) | 37.1 (21.4–93.4) | 34.9 (16–72.6) | 0.55 |
Ceftriaxone | 27 (22.7) | 20 (25.6) | 7 (17.1) | 0.36 |
Ceftriaxone dose (g) | 4 (1–6) | 2 (1–5) | 5 (3–7) | 0.17 |
Ertapenem | 5 (4.2) | 4 (5.1) | 1 (2.4) | 0.66 |
Ertapenem dose (g) | 5 (2.5–7.0) | 4 (2.3–7.3) | 6 | 0.72 |
Ciprofloxacin | 4 (3.4) | 2 (2.6) | 2 (4.9) | 0.61 |
Ciprofloxacin dose (g) | 4.1 (1.4–6.3) | 1.9 (0.8–3) | 6.0 (5.2–6.7) | 0.25 |
Sulfamethoxazole | 6 (5.0) | 5 (6.4) | 1 (2.4) | 0.66 |
Sulfamethoxazole dose (g) | 2.0 (1.4–3.4) | 2.4 (1.6–3.6) | 0.8 | 0.23 |
Trimethoprim | 6 (5.0) | 5 (6.4) | 1 (2.4) | 0.66 |
Trimethoprim dose (g) | 0.4 (0.3–0.7) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 0.2 | 0.23 |
Caspofungin | 7 (5.9) | 4 (5.1) | 3 (7.3) | 0.69 |
Caspofungin dose (g) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.2 (0.12–0.4) | 0.3 (0.04–0.6) | 1.00 |
Fluconazole | 18 (15.1) | 12 (15.4) | 6 (14.6) | 1.00 |
Fluconazole dose (g) | 1.2 (0.7–2.6) | 1.2 (0.5–2.2) | 2.2 (0.7–4.1) | 0.4 |
Ampicillin | 4 (3.4) | 3 (3.9) | 1 (2.4) | 1.00 |
Ampicillin dose (g) | 42 (18.8–69.8) | 63 (18–72) | 21 | 1.00 |
Doxycycline | 8 (6.7) | 5 (6.4) | 3 (7.3) | 1.00 |
Doxycycline dose (g) | 0.8 (0.2–1.3) | 0.8 (0.2–1.6) | 0.7 (0.2–1.4) | 1.00 |
Metronidazole | 12 (10.1) | 8 (10.3) | 4 (9.8) | 1.00 |
Metronidazole dose (g) | 1.5 (1.0–2.9) | 1.3 (0.6–1.5) | 2.8 (1.4–10.5) | 0.14 |
Levofloxacin | 5 (4.2) | 3 (3.9) | 2 (4.9) | 1.00 |
Levofloxacin dose (g) | 0.8 (0.5–0.8) | 0.8 (0.5–0.8) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 1.00 |
Meropenem | 16 (13.5) | 10 (12.8) | 6 (14.6) | 0.78 |
Meropenem dose (g) | 7.0 (3.0–27.3) | 5.3 (2.0–9.3) | 25.5 (11.3–47.5) | 0.05a |
Tobramycin | 2 (1.7) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (2.4) | 1.00 |
Tobramycin dose (g) | 2.8 (0.9–4.6) | 4.62 | 0.9 | 1.00 |
Hydroxychloroquine | 8 (7.2) | 5 (6.4) | 3 (7.3) | 1.00 |
Hydroxychloroquine dose (g) | 2 (0.8–2.4) | 2.2 (1.3–2.4) | 0.8 (0.6–2.4) | 0.44 |
Remdesivir | 13 (10.9) | 7 (9.0) | 6 (14.6) | 0.37 |
Remdesivir dose (g) | 0.6 (0.6–0.6) | 0.6 (0.6–0.6) | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | 0.68 |
Steroid | ||||
Hydrocortisone | 46 (38.7) | 26 (33.3) | 20 (48.8) | 0.12 |
Hydrocortisone dose (mg) | 400.0 (250–837.5) | 362.5 (250.0–656.3) | 500.0 (150.0–1,000) | 0.71 |
Methylprednisolone | 9 (7.6) | 6 (7.7) | 3 (7.3) | 1.00 |
Methylprednisolone dose (mg) | 125.0 (62.0–497.5) | 187.5 (91.0–657.5) | 60.0 (20.0–600.0) | 0.37 |
Dexamethasone | 8 (6.7) | 5 (6.4) | 3 (7.3) | 1.00 |
Dexamethasone dose (mg) | 16 (7–60) | 60 (5–168) | 14 (10–18) | 0.76 |
Prednisone | 6 (5.0) | 4 (5.1) | 2 (4.9) | 1.00 |
Prednisone dose (mg) | 35.0 (23.8–122.5) | 65.0 (28.8–187.5) | 25.0 (20.0–30.0) | 0.25 |
Drug with anticholinergic properties | ||||
Famotidine | 8 (6.7) | 5 (6.4) | 3 (7.3) | 1.00 |
Famotidine dose (mg) | 100 (25–140) | 140 (50–200) | 20 (20–140) | 0.22 |
Diphenhydramine | 16 (13.5) | 13 (16.7) | 3 (7.3) | 0.26 |
Diphenhydramine dose (mg) | 75 (28.1–137.5) | 75 (25.0–125.0) | 100 (37.5–250.0) | 0.59 |
Prochlorperazine | 7 (5.9) | 5 (6.4) | 2 (4.9) | 1.00 |
Prochlorperazine dose (mg) | 10 (10.0–20.0) | 10 (7.5–30.0) | 10 | 0.83 |
Promethazine | 2 (1.7) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (2.4) | 1.00 |
Promethazine dose (mg) | 81.3 (12.5–150.0) | 12.5 | 150 | 1.00 |
Variable | Total cohort | Delirium (n=41) | No delirium (n=78) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
CCL2 | 761.86 (447.83–1,358.52) | 1,295.60 (709.43–2,092.03) | 636.05 (413.35–1,019.30) | <0.00a |
CCL3 | 0 (0–3.57) | 1.36 (0–7.24) | 0 (0–2.72) | <0.01a |
CXCL1 | 26.24 (10.82–47.33) | 29.64 (17.95–53.50) | 23.45 (8.79–34.56) | 0.01a |
CXCL10 | 366.72 (149.05–2,834.38) | 1,159.90 (277.06–3,856.02) | 269.95 (132.38–1,928.12) | <0.01a |
G-CSF | 183.38 (47.55–448.23) | 266.51 (54.74–1,746.52) | 172.27 (34.57–348.59) | 0.07 |
GM-CSF | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–2.55) | 0 (0–0) | 0.40 |
IL-1α | 12.60 (3.19–27.66) | 14.17 (3.16–33.10) | 9.45 (3.75–24.10) | 0.46 |
IL-1β | 6.89 (0–16.68) | 8.27 (2.72–18.45) | 5.10 (0–17.11) | 0.13 |
IL-1RA | 12.81 (4.00–57.49) | 29.33 (7.91–135.39) | 8.54 (3.41–33.16) | <0.01a |
IL-2 | 0 (0–0.14) | 0 (0–0.30) | 0 (0–0) | 0.29 |
IL-4 | 2.84 (0.33–6.88) | 2.84 (0.65–6.57) | 2.93 (0–7.01) | 0.91 |
IL-5 | 4.61 (0.90–11.61) | 3.10 (0.81–10.23) | 5.76 (0.90–12.90) | 0.15 |
IL-6 | 194.64 (51.43–467.04) | 405.67 (154.87–720.89) | 130.46 (46.46–369.77) | <0.01a |
IL-8 | 33.37 (20.49–59.42) | 42.62 (24.56–92.87) | 29.48 (19.17–48.24) | 0.02a |
IL-10 | 24.66 (1.06–70.50) | 47.04 (9.83–95.50) | 18.70 (0–47.27) | 0.02a |
IL-12 | 0 (0–0.27) | 0 (0–0.41) | 0 (0–0.17) | 1.00 |
IL-17A | 0 (0–0.46) | 0 (0–0.93) | 0 (0–0) | 0.51 |
IL-18 | 104.67 (38.66–161.50) | 136.05 (95.13–175.88) | 77.21 (27.69–134.16) | 0.02a |
TNF-α | 28.31 (12.17–52.95) | 40.37 (16.94–66.59) | 25.34 (9.25–47.12) | 0.02a |
Values are presented as median interquartile range. (%).
CCL: C-C motif ligand; CXCL: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; G-CSF: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL: interleukin; IL-1RA: IL 1 receptor antagonist; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.
aP≤0.05.
Variable | Total delirium group | Sepsis (n=29) | No sepsis (n=12) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
CCL2 | 1,295.6 (709.4–2,092.0) | 1,422.6 (835.5–2,496.7) | 739.1 (440.7–1,292.7) | 0.03a |
CCL3 | 1.4 (0–7.2) | 1.4 (0–5.1) | 0.7 (0–36.1) | 0.94 |
CXCL1 | 29.6 (18.0–53.5) | 34.1 (17.9–52.0) | 28.5 (18.4–80.5) | 0.98 |
CXCL10 | 1,159.9 (277.1–3,856.0) | 2,638.6 (928.6–4,069.1) | 254.0 (98.9–506.9) | <0.001a |
G-CSF | 266.5 (54.7–1746.5) | 183.4 (44.5–1909.2) | 359.5 (185.4–730.4) | 0.32 |
GM-CSF | 0 (0–2.6) | 0 (0–0) | 2.6 (0–3.9) | 0.02a |
IL-1α | 14.2 (3.2–33.1) | 13.4 (5.5–27.6) | 15.8 (0.8–60.6) | 0.94 |
IL-1β | 8.3 (2.7–18.5) | 10.1 (6.7–18.4) | 2.7 (0–21.5) | 0.15 |
IL-1RA | 29.3 (7.9–135.4) | 43.0 (14.4–144.2) | 8.8 (3.9–113.4) | 0.07 |
IL-2 | 0 (0–0.3) | 0 (0–0.3) | 0 (0–0.7) | 0.87 |
IL-4 | 2.8 (0.7–6.6) | 3.5 (0.6–6.8) | 2.1 (0.6–6.4) | 0.66 |
IL-5 | 3.1 (0.8–10.2) | 2.3 (0.8–9.0) | 4.6 (0.7–16.0) | 0.49 |
IL-6 | 405.7 (154.9–720.9) | 405.7 (154.9–843.8) | 359.3 (48.2–598.7) | 0.34 |
IL-8 | 42.6 (24.6–92.9) | 42.6 (26.6–86.1) | 55.7 (19.2–102.3) | 0.87 |
IL-10 | 47.0 (9.8–95.5) | 50.1 (14.3–95.5) | 44.0 (7.3–89.4) | 0.92 |
IL-12 | 0 (0–0.4) | 0 (0–0.7) | 0 (0–0.2) | 1.0 |
IL-17A | 0 (0–0.9) | 0 (0–0.9) | 0 (0–1.4) | 0.86 |
IL-18 | 136.1 (95.1–175.9) | 140.0 (102.4–177.7) | 53.4 (19.7–160.1) | 0.12 |
TNF-α | 40.4 (16.9–66.6) | 49.8 (25.3–42.4) | 18.5 (9.8–42.4) | <0.01a |
Values are presented as median (interquartile range).
CCL: C-C motif ligand; CXCL: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; G-CSF: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL: interleukin; IL-1RA: IL 1 receptor antagonist; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.
aP≤0.05.
Variable | Total delirium group | COVID-19 (n=20) | No COVID-19 (n=21) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
CCL2 | 1,295.6 (709.4–2,092.0) | 1,471.6 (900.1–2,451.1) | 761.9 (328.5–1,395.3) | 0.02a |
CCL3 | 1.4 (0–7.2) | 0.9 (0.1–2.9) | 4.1 (0–28.2) | 0.37 |
CXCL1 | 29.6 (18.0–53.5) | 39.2 (18.6–52.6) | 28.5 (14.5–71.6) | 0.69 |
CXCL10 | 1,159.9 (277.1–3,856.0) | 3,694.3 (1,625.4–4074.3) | 329.0 (120–903.6) | <0.001a |
G-CSF | 266.5 (54.7–1,746.5) | 81.6 (42.1–1,322.4) | 438.9 (170.6–2,253.1) | 0.05a |
GM-CSF | 0 (0–2.6) | 0 (0–0) | 1.2 (0–3.9) | <0.01a |
IL-1α | 14.2 (3.2–33.1) | 12.6 (5.1–20.5) | 19.8 (3.1–54.2) | 0.31 |
IL-1β | 8.3 (2.7–18.5) | 8.3 (5.1–14.5) | 7.3 (2.7–23.0) | 0.91 |
IL-1RA | 29.3 (7.9–135.4) | 40.7 (17.1–89.1) | 10.8 (5.2–278.3) | 0.38 |
IL-2 | 0 (0–0.3) | 0 (0–0.2) | 0 (0–0.8) | 0.16 |
IL-4 | 2.8 (0.7–6.6) | 4.6 (1–6.9) | 1.6 (0.2–6.2) | 0.29 |
IL-5 | 3.1 (0.8–10.2) | 4.7 (0.9–10.5) | 1.7 (0.5–7.9) | 0.4 |
IL-6 | 405.7 (154.9–720.9) | 461.9 (182.4–893.9) | 397.5 (37.8–618.9) | 0.22 |
IL-8 | 42.6 (24.6–92.9) | 42.2 (26.8–58.3) | 78.9 (20.7–129.9) | 0.4 |
IL-10 | 47.0 (9.8–95.5) | 36.7 (13.4–77.7) | 59.7 (7.3–165.8) | 0.27 |
IL-12 | 0 (0–0.4) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–3.4) | 0.09 |
IL-17A | 0 (0–0.9) | 0 (0–0.9) | 0 (0–1.4) | 0.54 |
IL-18 | 136.1 (95.1–175.9) | 140.1 (104.8–176.7) | 53.4 (27.9–187.6) | 0.21 |
TNF-α | 40.4 (16.9–66.6) | 48 (30.1–72.3) | 21.2 (11.2–63.3) | 0.05a |
Values are presented as median (interquartile range).
COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; CCL: C-C motif ligand; CXCL: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; G-CSF: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage CSF; IL: interleukin; IL-1RA: IL 1 receptor antagonist; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.
aP≤0.05.
Variable | Total delirium group | Surgery (n=11) | No surgery (n=30) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
CCL2 | 1,295.6 (709.4–2,092.0) | 915.1 (561.2–1,385.4) | 1,392.0 (753.3–2,193.1) | 0.44 |
CCL3 | 1.4 (0–7.2) | 4.1 (0–42.8) | 0.9 (0–4.6) | 0.29 |
CXCL1 | 29.6 (18.0–53.5) | 26.8 (16.0–53.9) | 33.0 (19.0–57.3) | 0.58 |
CXCL10 | 1,159.9 (277.1–3,856.0) | 271.0 (92.7–1,025.7) | 2,315.9 (335.5–4,034.5) | 0.01a |
G-CSF | 266.5 (54.7–1,746.5) | 518.0 (275.7–2,628.4) | 149.0 (46.9–1131.7) | 0.05a |
GM-CSF | 0 (0–2.6) | 0 (0–2.6) | 0 (0–0.6) | 0.39 |
IL-1α | 14.2 (3.2–33.1) | 14.9 (3.1–66.9) | 13.8 (4.3–29.3) | 0.98 |
IL-1β | 8.3 (2.7–18. 5) | 5.5 (2.7–15.7) | 8.3 (6.0–20.8) | 0.59 |
IL-1RA | 29.3 (7.9–135.4) | 25.9 (7.8–142.6) | 38.7 (8.8–136.2) | 0.65 |
IL-2 | 0 (0–0.3) | 0 (0–0.9) | 0 (0–0.3) | 0.92 |
IL-4 | 2.8 (0.7–6.6) | 1.9 (0.4–5.7) | 3.8 (0.8–6.7) | 0.63 |
IL-5 | 3.1 (0.8–10.2) | 3.5 (0.6–12.2) | 2.7 (0.9–10.2) | 0.98 |
IL-6 | 405.7 (154.9–720.9) | 426.6 (165.6–634.1) | 381.7 (130.5–738.2) | 0.94 |
IL-8 | 42.6 (24.6–92.9) | 82.9 (23.7–109.9) | 41.2 (24.1–73.7) | 0.47 |
IL-10 | 47.0 (9.8–95.5) | 59.7 (40.3–97.3) | 36.5 (5.4–95.4) | 0.30 |
IL-12 | 0 (0–0.4) | 0 (0–0.3) | 0 (0–0.6) | 0.90 |
IL-17A | 0 (0–0.9) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–1.2) | 0.71 |
IL-18 | 136.1 (95.1–175.9) | 106.8 (28.1–173.2) | 136.0 (100.1–176.4) | 0.39 |
TNF-α | 40.4 (16.9–66.6) | 21.2 (16.3–60.0) | 43.9 (20.4–73.7) | 0.21 |
Variable | Total cohort | No delirium (n=78) | Delirium (n=41) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Patient characteristics | ||||
Age (yr) | 64 (50–75) | 66.6 (55.8–75) | 55 (46.5–69.5) | 0.01 |
Female | 40 (33.6) | 24 (30.8) | 16 (39) | 0.42 |
APS score | 45 (31–59) | 38 (26.8–48.3) | 59 (40–84.5) | <0.001 |
APACHE IV score | 56 (39–75) | 53 (37.5–65.3) | 79 (52–98.5) | <0.001 |
Prior history of CVA (ischemic stroke) | 8 (6.7) | 4 (5.1) | 4 (9.8) | 0.44 |
Prior history of hemorrhagic stroke | 3 (2.5) | 1 (1.3) | 2 (4.9) | 0.27 |
Prior history of TBI | 3 (2.5) | 2 (2.6) | 1 (2.4) | 1.00 |
Pre-existing cognitive impairment | 2 (1.7) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (2.4) | 1.00 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.9 (25–33.5) | 28.5 (24.9–33.8) | 28.9 (25.7–32.7) | 0.78 |
Code status (full code) | 118 (99.2) | 77 (98.7) | 41 (100) | 1.00 |
DM | 47 (39.5) | 30 (38.5) | 17 (41.5) | 0.84 |
HTN | 51 (42.9) | 34 (43.6) | 17 (41.5) | 0.85 |
CAD | 33 (27.7) | 25 (32.1) | 8 (19.5) | 0.20 |
Cancer | 14 (11.8) | 11 (14.1) | 3 (7.3) | 0.38 |
CKD | 17 (14.3) | 13 (16.7) | 4 (9.8) | 0.41 |
ESRD | 3 (2.5) | 3 (3.9) | 0 | 0.55 |
Cirrhosis | 7 (5.9) | 6 (7.7) | 1 (2.4) | 0.42 |
Hepatic failure | 1 (0.84) | 1 (1.3) | 0 | 1.00 |
Metastatic carcinoma | 3 (2.5) | 1 (1.3) | 2 (4.9) | 0.27 |
Leukemia/myeloma | 3 (2.5) | 3 (3.9) | 0 | 0.55 |
Immunosuppression | 14 (11.8) | 6 (7.7) | 8 (19.5) | 0.07 |
Trauma | 1 (0.8) | 1 (1.3) | 0 | 1.00 |
Hospital course | ||||
ICU LOS (day) | 3.3 (1.9–10.4) | 2.2 (1.3–4.0) | 14.5 (3.7–33.2) | <0.001 |
Hospital LOS (day) | 9.9 (1.1–10.4) | 7.1 (5.0–10.9) | 23.2 (16.8–40.2) | <0.001 |
ICU mortality | 12 (10.1) | 7 (9.0) | 5 (12.2) | 0.75 |
Hospital mortality | 13 (10.9) | 7 (9.0) | 6 (14.6) | 0.37 |
Sepsis | 66 (55.5) | 37 (47.4) | 29 (70.7) | 0.02 |
Septic shock | 37 (31.1) | 19 (24.4) | 18 (43.9) | 0.04 |
Sepsis or septic shock | 66 (55.5) | 37 (47.4) | 29 (70.7) | 0.02 |
COVID-19 | 38 (31.9) | 18 (23.1) | 20 (48.8) | 0.007 |
28-Day mortality | 13 (10.9) | 7 (9.0) | 6 (14.6) | 0.37 |
GCS | 15 (10–15) | 15 (11.8–15) | 11 (3–15) | <0.001 |
Pre-ICU day | 1 (0–2) | 0 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0.47 |
Emergency surgery | 5 (4.2) | 3 (3.9) | 2 (4.9) | 1.00 |
Thrombolysis | 5 (4.2) | 4 (5.1) | 1 (2.4) | 0.66 |
CRRT | 17 (14.3) | 5 (6.4) | 12 (29.3) | <0.01 |
ECMO | 11 (9.2) | 1 (1.3) | 10 (24.4) | <0.001 |
LVAD | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 1 (2.4) | 0.34 |
RVAD | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 1 (2.4) | 0.34 |
Labs & vitals | ||||
Positive culture | 27 (22.7) | 15 (19.2) | 12 (29.3) | 0.25 |
Initial lactate (mmol/L) | 1.5 (1.1–3) | 1.4 (1.1–2.8) | 1.7 (1.1–3.7) | 0.32 |
Highest lactate (mmol/L) | 1.8 (1.1–3.8) | 1.7 (1.1–3.6) | 1.9 (1.3–3.8) | 0.34 |
Lactate clearance (mmol/L) | 1.6 (1.3–2.9) | 1.6 (1.3–2.8) | 2.2 (1.4–3.1) | 0.36 |
Ionized calcium (mg/dL) | 4.5 (4.2–4.7) | 4.5 (4.3–4.8) | 4.4 (4.2–4.6) | 0.36 |
Calcium (mg/dl) | 8.2 (7.8–8.7) | 8.3 (7.8–8.8) | 8.1 (7.5–8.4) | 0.07 |
Temperature (°C) | 37.5 (36.7–38.4) | 37.5 (36.7–38.5) | 37.3 (36.8–38.1) | 0.46 |
MAP (mm Hg) | 62.0 (58.0–70.0) | 61.0 (56.0–67.8) | 64 (58.5–71.5) | 0.22 |
HR (beats/min) | 98.0 (88.0–111.0) | 97.5 (86.8–108.0) | 101.0 (90.0–118.0) | 0.09 |
RR (/min) | 25.0 (20.0–29.0) | 24.0 (20.0–29.0) | 27.0 (22.5–32.0) | 0.08 |
MV | 64 (53.8) | 36 (46.2) | 28 (68.3) | 0.03 |
FiO2(%) | 50 (40–70) | 50 (32–60) | 70 (50–100) | <0.001 |
PaO2 (mm Hg) | 90 (77–111) | 90 (80–121) | 87 (72–105) | 0.22 |
PaCO2 (mm Hg) | 36 (31–40) | 36 (32–40) | 37 (31–44) | 0.19 |
Arterial pH | 7.40 (7.34–7.43) | 7.40 (7.36–7.44) | 7.36 (7.27–7.43) | 0.01 |
Na+ (mmol/L) | 138.0 (134.0–141.0) | 138.5 (135.6–141.0) | 136.0 (132.5–140.0) | 0.07 |
Urine output (ml/24 hr) | 1,687.0 (1,160.0–2,385.0) | 1,640.5 (1,178.0–2,392.5) | 1,735.0 (977.5–2,387.5) | 0.95 |
Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.1 (0.8–1.7) | 1.1 (0.8–1.7) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 0.49 |
BUN (mg/dl) | 18.5 (13.0–28.0) | 16.6 (12.0–25.3) | 24.0 (13.5–38.0) | 0.05 |
Glucose (mg/dl) | 151 (114–188) | 140.5 (110–174) | 168 (137–260) | <0.01 |
Albumin (g/dl) | 3.5 (3.0–4.0) | 3.8 (3.2–4.0) | 3.3 (2.6–3.7) | <0.01 |
Bilirubin (mg/dl) | 0.7 (0.4–1.0) | 0.7 (0.4–1.0) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) | 0.53 |
Hct (%) | 33.0 (27.9–37.7) | 33.8 (27.8–37.7) | 32.2 (27.1–38.3) | 0.79 |
WBC (×109/L) | 10.0 (6.9–15.0) | 9.5 (6.7–13.1) | 11.4 (8.8–16.3) | 0.03 |
Variable | Total cohort | No delirium (n=78) | Delirium (n=41) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Recent surgery | 52 (43.7) | 41 (52.6) | 11 (26.8) | 0.01 |
Total blood loss from all surgical procedures (ml) | 105 (100–450) | 103 (100–500) | 125 (100–300) | 0.96 |
Total surgical time from all surgical procedures (min) | 304 (246.8–408.3) | 306 (250.5–396.0) | 284 (225.0–486.0) | 0.90 |
Recent inhaled anesthetic | 54 (45.4) | 42 (53.9) | 12 (29.3) | 0.01 |
Total duration of inhaled anesthesia from all surgical procedures (min) | 302 (234–415) | 304 (248–389) | 255 (207–517) | 0.83 |
Variable | Total cohort | No delirium (n=78) | Delirium (n=41) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Benzodiazepine (in lorazepam equivalents) | ||||
Diazepam | 17.0 (14.3) | 4.0 (5.1) | 13.0 (31.7) | <0.001 |
Diazepam dose (mg) | 24.0 (9.0–43.5) | 10.0 (3.2–560.6) | 29.0 (14.5–43.5) | 0.34 |
Midazolam | 83.0 (69.8) | 48.0 (61.5) | 35.0 (85.4) | 0.01 |
Midazolam dose (mg) | 5.5 (3.0–256.0) | 3.7 (2.5–6.0) | 176.5 (7.5–1,049.4) | <0.001 |
Lorazepam | 21.0 (17.7) | 15.0 (19.2) | 6.0 (14.6) | 0.62 |
Lorazepam dose (mg) | 1.5 (0.5–2.5) | 1.5 (0.5–2.5) | 1.0 (0.8–21.3) | 1.00 |
Alprazolam | 7.0 (5.9) | 6 (7.7) | 1.0 (2.4) | 0.42 |
Alprazolam dose (mg) | 3.6 (1.0–5.0) | 3.8 (1.0–5.4) | 2.0 | 0.8 |
Sedative | ||||
Etomidate | 37 (31.1) | 23 (29.5) | 14 (31.2) | 0.68 |
Etomidate dose (mg) | 20 (20–30) | 24 (20–30) | 20 (20–23) | 0.03 |
Methocarbamol | 4 (3.4) | 2 (2.6) | 2 (4.9) | 0.61 |
Methocarbamol dose (mg) | 7,000 (1,250–8,500) | 7,000 (2,000–7,000) | 5,250 (500–10,000) | 1.00 |
Propofol | 62 (52.1) | 39 (50.0) | 23 (56.1) | 0.57 |
Propofol dose (mg) | 453.8 (130.1–2,484.8) | 260.9 (120.0–1,012.0) | 1,000.0 (133.5–3,875.0) | 0.28 |
Dexmedetomidine | 59 (49.6) | 33 (42.3) | 26 (63.4) | 0.03 |
Dexmedetomidine dose (μg) | 774.0 (264.8–2,800.0) | 383.0 (158.0–806.2) | 2,800.0 (987.2–7,637.9) | <0.001 |
Ketamine | 19 (16.0) | 7 (9.0) | 12 (29.3) | 0.01 |
Ketamine dose (mg) | 1,294.9 (30.0–3,860.2) | 30.0 (10.0–3,841.6) | 2,915.4 (69.6–4,703.3) | 0.22 |
Opioid (in morphine equivalents) | ||||
Fentanyl | 98 (82.4) | 61 (78.2) | 37 (90.2) | 0.13 |
Fentanyl dose (mg) | 152.5 (39.2–371.6) | 133.8 (28.1–196.9) | 351.1 (60.7–1,374) | <0.01 |
Hydromorphone | 50 (42.0) | 29 (37.2) | 21 (51.2) | 0.17 |
Hydromorphone dose (mg) | 18.2 (4.0–339.0) | 8.0 (4.0–66.6) | 322.7 (6.0–9,719.9) | 0.01 |
Morphine | 18 (15.1) | 11 (14.1) | 7 (17.1) | 0.79 |
Morphine dose (mg) | 8.5 (4.0–25.5) | 11 (4.0–18.0) | 6 (4.0–48.0) | 0.75 |
Oxycodone | 45 (37.8) | 39 (50.0) | 6 (14.6) | <0.001 |
Oxycodone dose (mg) | 97.5 (45.0–161.3) | 97.5 (45.0–165.0) | 45 (37.5–630.0) | 0.63 |
Total morphine equivalents (mg) | 249 (102.1–797.7) | 235 (71.5–380.0) | 742 (151.8–3,700.3) | <0.01 |
Antibiotics | ||||
Cefazolin | 53 (44.5) | 41 (52.6) | 12 (29.3) | 0.02 |
Cefazolin dose (g) | 12 (6–12) | 12 (7–12) | 9 (4–12) | 0.25 |
Cefepime | 25 (21.0) | 12 (15.4) | 13 (31.7) | 0.06 |
Cefepime dose (g) | 12 (4.3–23.0) | 9 (2.5–22.5) | 13 (7.3–32.0) | 0.39 |
Vancomycin | 64 (53.8) | 33 (42.3) | 31 (75.6) | <0.001 |
Vancomycin dose (g) | 3 (1.8–5.3) | 3 (1.8–5.6) | 3 (1.8–5.3) | 0.89 |
Acyclovir | 2 (1.7) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (2.4) | 1.00 |
Acyclovir dose (g) | 3.1 (1.4–4.8) | 1.4 | 4.8 | 1.00 |
Azithromycin | 37 (31.1) | 18 (23.1) | 19 (46.3) | 0.01 |
Azithromycin dose (g) | 1.5 (1.0–2.5) | 1.8 (1.4–2.5) | 1.5 (1–2.5) | 0.72 |
Piperacillin | 53 (44.5) | 27 (34.6) | 26 (63.4) | <0.01 |
Piperacillin dose (g) | 37.1 (20.3–91.7) | 37.1 (21.4–93.4) | 34.9 (16–72.6) | 0.55 |
Ceftriaxone | 27 (22.7) | 20 (25.6) | 7 (17.1) | 0.36 |
Ceftriaxone dose (g) | 4 (1–6) | 2 (1–5) | 5 (3–7) | 0.17 |
Ertapenem | 5 (4.2) | 4 (5.1) | 1 (2.4) | 0.66 |
Ertapenem dose (g) | 5 (2.5–7.0) | 4 (2.3–7.3) | 6 | 0.72 |
Ciprofloxacin | 4 (3.4) | 2 (2.6) | 2 (4.9) | 0.61 |
Ciprofloxacin dose (g) | 4.1 (1.4–6.3) | 1.9 (0.8–3) | 6.0 (5.2–6.7) | 0.25 |
Sulfamethoxazole | 6 (5.0) | 5 (6.4) | 1 (2.4) | 0.66 |
Sulfamethoxazole dose (g) | 2.0 (1.4–3.4) | 2.4 (1.6–3.6) | 0.8 | 0.23 |
Trimethoprim | 6 (5.0) | 5 (6.4) | 1 (2.4) | 0.66 |
Trimethoprim dose (g) | 0.4 (0.3–0.7) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 0.2 | 0.23 |
Caspofungin | 7 (5.9) | 4 (5.1) | 3 (7.3) | 0.69 |
Caspofungin dose (g) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.2 (0.12–0.4) | 0.3 (0.04–0.6) | 1.00 |
Fluconazole | 18 (15.1) | 12 (15.4) | 6 (14.6) | 1.00 |
Fluconazole dose (g) | 1.2 (0.7–2.6) | 1.2 (0.5–2.2) | 2.2 (0.7–4.1) | 0.4 |
Ampicillin | 4 (3.4) | 3 (3.9) | 1 (2.4) | 1.00 |
Ampicillin dose (g) | 42 (18.8–69.8) | 63 (18–72) | 21 | 1.00 |
Doxycycline | 8 (6.7) | 5 (6.4) | 3 (7.3) | 1.00 |
Doxycycline dose (g) | 0.8 (0.2–1.3) | 0.8 (0.2–1.6) | 0.7 (0.2–1.4) | 1.00 |
Metronidazole | 12 (10.1) | 8 (10.3) | 4 (9.8) | 1.00 |
Metronidazole dose (g) | 1.5 (1.0–2.9) | 1.3 (0.6–1.5) | 2.8 (1.4–10.5) | 0.14 |
Levofloxacin | 5 (4.2) | 3 (3.9) | 2 (4.9) | 1.00 |
Levofloxacin dose (g) | 0.8 (0.5–0.8) | 0.8 (0.5–0.8) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 1.00 |
Meropenem | 16 (13.5) | 10 (12.8) | 6 (14.6) | 0.78 |
Meropenem dose (g) | 7.0 (3.0–27.3) | 5.3 (2.0–9.3) | 25.5 (11.3–47.5) | 0.05 |
Tobramycin | 2 (1.7) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (2.4) | 1.00 |
Tobramycin dose (g) | 2.8 (0.9–4.6) | 4.62 | 0.9 | 1.00 |
Hydroxychloroquine | 8 (7.2) | 5 (6.4) | 3 (7.3) | 1.00 |
Hydroxychloroquine dose (g) | 2 (0.8–2.4) | 2.2 (1.3–2.4) | 0.8 (0.6–2.4) | 0.44 |
Remdesivir | 13 (10.9) | 7 (9.0) | 6 (14.6) | 0.37 |
Remdesivir dose (g) | 0.6 (0.6–0.6) | 0.6 (0.6–0.6) | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | 0.68 |
Steroid | ||||
Hydrocortisone | 46 (38.7) | 26 (33.3) | 20 (48.8) | 0.12 |
Hydrocortisone dose (mg) | 400.0 (250–837.5) | 362.5 (250.0–656.3) | 500.0 (150.0–1,000) | 0.71 |
Methylprednisolone | 9 (7.6) | 6 (7.7) | 3 (7.3) | 1.00 |
Methylprednisolone dose (mg) | 125.0 (62.0–497.5) | 187.5 (91.0–657.5) | 60.0 (20.0–600.0) | 0.37 |
Dexamethasone | 8 (6.7) | 5 (6.4) | 3 (7.3) | 1.00 |
Dexamethasone dose (mg) | 16 (7–60) | 60 (5–168) | 14 (10–18) | 0.76 |
Prednisone | 6 (5.0) | 4 (5.1) | 2 (4.9) | 1.00 |
Prednisone dose (mg) | 35.0 (23.8–122.5) | 65.0 (28.8–187.5) | 25.0 (20.0–30.0) | 0.25 |
Drug with anticholinergic properties | ||||
Famotidine | 8 (6.7) | 5 (6.4) | 3 (7.3) | 1.00 |
Famotidine dose (mg) | 100 (25–140) | 140 (50–200) | 20 (20–140) | 0.22 |
Diphenhydramine | 16 (13.5) | 13 (16.7) | 3 (7.3) | 0.26 |
Diphenhydramine dose (mg) | 75 (28.1–137.5) | 75 (25.0–125.0) | 100 (37.5–250.0) | 0.59 |
Prochlorperazine | 7 (5.9) | 5 (6.4) | 2 (4.9) | 1.00 |
Prochlorperazine dose (mg) | 10 (10.0–20.0) | 10 (7.5–30.0) | 10 | 0.83 |
Promethazine | 2 (1.7) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (2.4) | 1.00 |
Promethazine dose (mg) | 81.3 (12.5–150.0) | 12.5 | 150 | 1.00 |
Variable | Total cohort | Delirium (n=41) | No delirium (n=78) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
CCL2 | 761.86 (447.83–1,358.52) | 1,295.60 (709.43–2,092.03) | 636.05 (413.35–1,019.30) | <0.00 |
CCL3 | 0 (0–3.57) | 1.36 (0–7.24) | 0 (0–2.72) | <0.01 |
CXCL1 | 26.24 (10.82–47.33) | 29.64 (17.95–53.50) | 23.45 (8.79–34.56) | 0.01 |
CXCL10 | 366.72 (149.05–2,834.38) | 1,159.90 (277.06–3,856.02) | 269.95 (132.38–1,928.12) | <0.01 |
G-CSF | 183.38 (47.55–448.23) | 266.51 (54.74–1,746.52) | 172.27 (34.57–348.59) | 0.07 |
GM-CSF | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–2.55) | 0 (0–0) | 0.40 |
IL-1α | 12.60 (3.19–27.66) | 14.17 (3.16–33.10) | 9.45 (3.75–24.10) | 0.46 |
IL-1β | 6.89 (0–16.68) | 8.27 (2.72–18.45) | 5.10 (0–17.11) | 0.13 |
IL-1RA | 12.81 (4.00–57.49) | 29.33 (7.91–135.39) | 8.54 (3.41–33.16) | <0.01 |
IL-2 | 0 (0–0.14) | 0 (0–0.30) | 0 (0–0) | 0.29 |
IL-4 | 2.84 (0.33–6.88) | 2.84 (0.65–6.57) | 2.93 (0–7.01) | 0.91 |
IL-5 | 4.61 (0.90–11.61) | 3.10 (0.81–10.23) | 5.76 (0.90–12.90) | 0.15 |
IL-6 | 194.64 (51.43–467.04) | 405.67 (154.87–720.89) | 130.46 (46.46–369.77) | <0.01 |
IL-8 | 33.37 (20.49–59.42) | 42.62 (24.56–92.87) | 29.48 (19.17–48.24) | 0.02 |
IL-10 | 24.66 (1.06–70.50) | 47.04 (9.83–95.50) | 18.70 (0–47.27) | 0.02 |
IL-12 | 0 (0–0.27) | 0 (0–0.41) | 0 (0–0.17) | 1.00 |
IL-17A | 0 (0–0.46) | 0 (0–0.93) | 0 (0–0) | 0.51 |
IL-18 | 104.67 (38.66–161.50) | 136.05 (95.13–175.88) | 77.21 (27.69–134.16) | 0.02 |
TNF-α | 28.31 (12.17–52.95) | 40.37 (16.94–66.59) | 25.34 (9.25–47.12) | 0.02 |
Variable | Total delirium group | Sepsis (n=29) | No sepsis (n=12) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
CCL2 | 1,295.6 (709.4–2,092.0) | 1,422.6 (835.5–2,496.7) | 739.1 (440.7–1,292.7) | 0.03a |
CCL3 | 1.4 (0–7.2) | 1.4 (0–5.1) | 0.7 (0–36.1) | 0.94 |
CXCL1 | 29.6 (18.0–53.5) | 34.1 (17.9–52.0) | 28.5 (18.4–80.5) | 0.98 |
CXCL10 | 1,159.9 (277.1–3,856.0) | 2,638.6 (928.6–4,069.1) | 254.0 (98.9–506.9) | <0.001 |
G-CSF | 266.5 (54.7–1746.5) | 183.4 (44.5–1909.2) | 359.5 (185.4–730.4) | 0.32 |
GM-CSF | 0 (0–2.6) | 0 (0–0) | 2.6 (0–3.9) | 0.02 |
IL-1α | 14.2 (3.2–33.1) | 13.4 (5.5–27.6) | 15.8 (0.8–60.6) | 0.94 |
IL-1β | 8.3 (2.7–18.5) | 10.1 (6.7–18.4) | 2.7 (0–21.5) | 0.15 |
IL-1RA | 29.3 (7.9–135.4) | 43.0 (14.4–144.2) | 8.8 (3.9–113.4) | 0.07 |
IL-2 | 0 (0–0.3) | 0 (0–0.3) | 0 (0–0.7) | 0.87 |
IL-4 | 2.8 (0.7–6.6) | 3.5 (0.6–6.8) | 2.1 (0.6–6.4) | 0.66 |
IL-5 | 3.1 (0.8–10.2) | 2.3 (0.8–9.0) | 4.6 (0.7–16.0) | 0.49 |
IL-6 | 405.7 (154.9–720.9) | 405.7 (154.9–843.8) | 359.3 (48.2–598.7) | 0.34 |
IL-8 | 42.6 (24.6–92.9) | 42.6 (26.6–86.1) | 55.7 (19.2–102.3) | 0.87 |
IL-10 | 47.0 (9.8–95.5) | 50.1 (14.3–95.5) | 44.0 (7.3–89.4) | 0.92 |
IL-12 | 0 (0–0.4) | 0 (0–0.7) | 0 (0–0.2) | 1.0 |
IL-17A | 0 (0–0.9) | 0 (0–0.9) | 0 (0–1.4) | 0.86 |
IL-18 | 136.1 (95.1–175.9) | 140.0 (102.4–177.7) | 53.4 (19.7–160.1) | 0.12 |
TNF-α | 40.4 (16.9–66.6) | 49.8 (25.3–42.4) | 18.5 (9.8–42.4) | <0.01 |
Variable | Total delirium group | COVID-19 (n=20) | No COVID-19 (n=21) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
CCL2 | 1,295.6 (709.4–2,092.0) | 1,471.6 (900.1–2,451.1) | 761.9 (328.5–1,395.3) | 0.02 |
CCL3 | 1.4 (0–7.2) | 0.9 (0.1–2.9) | 4.1 (0–28.2) | 0.37 |
CXCL1 | 29.6 (18.0–53.5) | 39.2 (18.6–52.6) | 28.5 (14.5–71.6) | 0.69 |
CXCL10 | 1,159.9 (277.1–3,856.0) | 3,694.3 (1,625.4–4074.3) | 329.0 (120–903.6) | <0.001 |
G-CSF | 266.5 (54.7–1,746.5) | 81.6 (42.1–1,322.4) | 438.9 (170.6–2,253.1) | 0.05 |
GM-CSF | 0 (0–2.6) | 0 (0–0) | 1.2 (0–3.9) | <0.01 |
IL-1α | 14.2 (3.2–33.1) | 12.6 (5.1–20.5) | 19.8 (3.1–54.2) | 0.31 |
IL-1β | 8.3 (2.7–18.5) | 8.3 (5.1–14.5) | 7.3 (2.7–23.0) | 0.91 |
IL-1RA | 29.3 (7.9–135.4) | 40.7 (17.1–89.1) | 10.8 (5.2–278.3) | 0.38 |
IL-2 | 0 (0–0.3) | 0 (0–0.2) | 0 (0–0.8) | 0.16 |
IL-4 | 2.8 (0.7–6.6) | 4.6 (1–6.9) | 1.6 (0.2–6.2) | 0.29 |
IL-5 | 3.1 (0.8–10.2) | 4.7 (0.9–10.5) | 1.7 (0.5–7.9) | 0.4 |
IL-6 | 405.7 (154.9–720.9) | 461.9 (182.4–893.9) | 397.5 (37.8–618.9) | 0.22 |
IL-8 | 42.6 (24.6–92.9) | 42.2 (26.8–58.3) | 78.9 (20.7–129.9) | 0.4 |
IL-10 | 47.0 (9.8–95.5) | 36.7 (13.4–77.7) | 59.7 (7.3–165.8) | 0.27 |
IL-12 | 0 (0–0.4) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–3.4) | 0.09 |
IL-17A | 0 (0–0.9) | 0 (0–0.9) | 0 (0–1.4) | 0.54 |
IL-18 | 136.1 (95.1–175.9) | 140.1 (104.8–176.7) | 53.4 (27.9–187.6) | 0.21 |
TNF-α | 40.4 (16.9–66.6) | 48 (30.1–72.3) | 21.2 (11.2–63.3) | 0.05 |
Variable | Total delirium group | Surgery (n=11) | No surgery (n=30) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
CCL2 | 1,295.6 (709.4–2,092.0) | 915.1 (561.2–1,385.4) | 1,392.0 (753.3–2,193.1) | 0.44 |
CCL3 | 1.4 (0–7.2) | 4.1 (0–42.8) | 0.9 (0–4.6) | 0.29 |
CXCL1 | 29.6 (18.0–53.5) | 26.8 (16.0–53.9) | 33.0 (19.0–57.3) | 0.58 |
CXCL10 | 1,159.9 (277.1–3,856.0) | 271.0 (92.7–1,025.7) | 2,315.9 (335.5–4,034.5) | 0.01 |
G-CSF | 266.5 (54.7–1,746.5) | 518.0 (275.7–2,628.4) | 149.0 (46.9–1131.7) | 0.05 |
GM-CSF | 0 (0–2.6) | 0 (0–2.6) | 0 (0–0.6) | 0.39 |
IL-1α | 14.2 (3.2–33.1) | 14.9 (3.1–66.9) | 13.8 (4.3–29.3) | 0.98 |
IL-1β | 8.3 (2.7–18. 5) | 5.5 (2.7–15.7) | 8.3 (6.0–20.8) | 0.59 |
IL-1RA | 29.3 (7.9–135.4) | 25.9 (7.8–142.6) | 38.7 (8.8–136.2) | 0.65 |
IL-2 | 0 (0–0.3) | 0 (0–0.9) | 0 (0–0.3) | 0.92 |
IL-4 | 2.8 (0.7–6.6) | 1.9 (0.4–5.7) | 3.8 (0.8–6.7) | 0.63 |
IL-5 | 3.1 (0.8–10.2) | 3.5 (0.6–12.2) | 2.7 (0.9–10.2) | 0.98 |
IL-6 | 405.7 (154.9–720.9) | 426.6 (165.6–634.1) | 381.7 (130.5–738.2) | 0.94 |
IL-8 | 42.6 (24.6–92.9) | 82.9 (23.7–109.9) | 41.2 (24.1–73.7) | 0.47 |
IL-10 | 47.0 (9.8–95.5) | 59.7 (40.3–97.3) | 36.5 (5.4–95.4) | 0.30 |
IL-12 | 0 (0–0.4) | 0 (0–0.3) | 0 (0–0.6) | 0.90 |
IL-17A | 0 (0–0.9) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–1.2) | 0.71 |
IL-18 | 136.1 (95.1–175.9) | 106.8 (28.1–173.2) | 136.0 (100.1–176.4) | 0.39 |
TNF-α | 40.4 (16.9–66.6) | 21.2 (16.3–60.0) | 43.9 (20.4–73.7) | 0.21 |
Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (%). APS: Acute Physiology Score; APACHE: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; CVA: cerebrovascular accident; TBI: traumatic brain injury; BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; HTN: hypertension; CAD: coronary artery disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; ESRD: end stage renal disease; ICU: intensive care unit; LOS: length of stay; COVID-19: coronavirus disease-19; GCS: Glasgow coma scale; CRRT: continuous renal replacement therapy; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; LVAD: left ventricular assist device; RVAD: right ventricular assist device; MAP: mean arterial pressure; HR: heart rate; RR: respiration rate; MV: mechanical ventilation; FiO2: fraction of inspired oxygen; PaO2: partial pressure of oxygen; PaCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; Hct: hematocrit; WBC: white blood cell. P≤0.05.
Values are presented as number (%) or median (interquartile range). P≤0.05.
Values are presented as number (%) or median (interquartile range). P≤0.05.
Values are presented as median interquartile range. (%). CCL: C-C motif ligand; CXCL: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; G-CSF: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL: interleukin; IL-1RA: IL 1 receptor antagonist; TNF: tumor necrosis factor. P≤0.05.
Values are presented as median (interquartile range). CCL: C-C motif ligand; CXCL: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; G-CSF: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL: interleukin; IL-1RA: IL 1 receptor antagonist; TNF: tumor necrosis factor. P≤0.05.
Values are presented as median (interquartile range). COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; CCL: C-C motif ligand; CXCL: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; G-CSF: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage CSF; IL: interleukin; IL-1RA: IL 1 receptor antagonist; TNF: tumor necrosis factor. P≤0.05.
Values are presented as median (interquartile range). CCL: C-C motif ligand; CXCL: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; G-CSF: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage CSF; IL: interleukin; IL-1RA: IL 1 receptor antagonist; TNF: tumor necrosis factor. P≤0.05.