1Department of Emergency Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
2Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
3Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
4Data engineer, SciAL Tech Inc., Seoul, Korea
© 2024 The Korean Society of Critical Care Medicine
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
FUNDING
None.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conceptualization: YP. Data curation: CA, YO. Formal Analysis: CA, YP. Funding acquisition: YP. Methodology: all authors. Project administration: YP. Visualization: CA. Writing–original draft: CA, YP. Writing–review & editing: CA, YP.
Variable | Value (n=8,916) |
---|---|
Age (yr) | 65±16 |
Male | 4,985 (55.9) |
Weight (kg) | 76.4 (63.6–92.0) |
Height (cm) | 170.0 (160.0–178.0) |
Admission typea) | |
Emergency | 7,402 (83.0) |
Elective | 1,514 (17.0) |
Insurance | |
Medicaid | 703 (7.9) |
Medicare | 4,446 (49.9) |
Other | 3,767 (42.2) |
Marital status | |
Married | 3,720 (46.0) |
Single | 2,537 (31.4) |
Divorced | 613 (7.6) |
Widowed | 1,216 (15.0) |
Weekend admission | 2,567 (28.8) |
Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (%).
ICU: intensive care unit; SpO2: oxygen saturation; PaO2: partial pressure of oxygen; PaCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide; SaO2: arterial oxygen saturation; INR: international normalized ratio; HCO3-: bicarbonate; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; CRP: C-reactive protein.
Variable | Value (n=8,916) |
---|---|
Age (yr) | 65±16 |
Male | 4,985 (55.9) |
Weight (kg) | 76.4 (63.6–92.0) |
Height (cm) | 170.0 (160.0–178.0) |
Admission type |
|
Emergency | 7,402 (83.0) |
Elective | 1,514 (17.0) |
Insurance | |
Medicaid | 703 (7.9) |
Medicare | 4,446 (49.9) |
Other | 3,767 (42.2) |
Marital status | |
Married | 3,720 (46.0) |
Single | 2,537 (31.4) |
Divorced | 613 (7.6) |
Widowed | 1,216 (15.0) |
Weekend admission | 2,567 (28.8) |
Variable | Non-early bronchoscopy (n=8,133) | Early bronchoscopy (n=783) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (yr) | 67 (55–78) | 63 (51–74) | <0.001 | |
Male (%) | 4,505 (55.4) | 480 (61.3) | 0.002 | |
Vital sign at ICU admission | ||||
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 121.0 (105.0–139.0) | 122.0 (106.0–139.0) | 0.338 | |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 67.0 (57.0–80.0) | 67.0 (57.0–79.0) | 0.763 | |
Mean arterial pressure (mm Hg) | 85.0 (74.0–99.0) | 86.0 (74.0–98.0) | 0.612 | |
Temperature (°C) | 36.8 (35.2–38.0) | 36.8 (35.0–38.1) | 0.535 | |
Heart rates (beats/min) | 92.0 (79.0–107.0) | 93.0 (80.0–107.0) | 0.335 | |
Respiratory rates (beats/min) | 20.0 (17.0–25.0) | 20.0 (16.0–25.0) | 0.900 | |
SpO2 | 97.0 (94.0–100.0) | 97.0 (93.0–100.0) | 0.196 | |
Arterial blood gas analysis | ||||
pH | 7.4 (7.3–7.4) | 7.4 (7.3–7.4) | <0.001 | |
PaO2 (mm Hg) | 109.0 (78.0–192.0) | 104.5 (75.0–181.0) | 0.041 | |
PaCO2 (mm Hg) | 40.0 (34.0–48.0) | 43.0 (37.0–52.0) | <0.001 | |
SaO2 (mm Hg) | 97.0 (94.0–98.0) | 96.0 (93.0–98.0) | 0.089 | |
Laboratory finding | ||||
White blood cell (×109/L) | 11.4 (7.9–15.9) | 12.0 (8.4–16.6) | 0.012 | |
Hemoglobin (g/L) | 10.4 (8.8–12.0) | 10.5 (9.0–12.1) | 0.063 | |
Platelet (×109/L) | 195.0 (136.0–268.0) | 201.5 (138.5–278.5) | 0.109 | |
Prothrombin time (INR) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1.2 (1.1–1.6) | 0.002 | |
Sodium (mEq/L) | 138.0 (135.0–141.0) | 139.0 (135.0–141.0) | 0.297 | |
Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.1 (3.7–4.6) | 4.1 (3.7–4.6) | 0.960 | |
Chloride (mEq/L) | 103.0 (99.0–107.0) | 104.0 (100.0–108.0) | 0.005 | |
HCO3- (mEq/L) | 23.0 (20.0–26.0) | 24.0 (20.0–26.0) | 0.001 | |
Serum osmolality (mOsm/L) | 295.0 (283.0–309.0) | 294.0 (282.0–303.0) | 0.536 | |
BUN (mg/dl) | 22.0 (14.0–37.0) | 20.0 (13.0–31.5) | <0.001 | |
Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.0 (0.7–1.6) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | <0.001 | |
Glucose (mg/dl) | 130.0 (106.0–169.0) | 134.0 (106.0–169.0) | 0.387 | |
AST (IU/L) | 39.0 (24.0–81.0) | 38.0 (23.0–75.5) | 0.545 | |
ALT (IU/L) | 27.0 (16.0–54.0) | 29.0 (16.0–54.5) | 0.714 | |
Albumin (g/dl) | 2.9 (2.5–3.4) | 2.9 (2.4–3.2) | 0.002 | |
Total Bilirubin (mg/dl) | 0.6 (0.4–1.2) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) | 0.300 | |
CRP (mg/dl) | 101.8 (42.4–180.5) | 91.5 (38.0–155.5) | 0.581 |
Variable | Non-early bronchoscopy | Early bronchoscopy | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Original cohort data | (n=8,133) | (n=783) | |
Primary outcome | |||
28-Day mortality | 1,882 (23.1) | 188 (24.0) | 0.613 |
Secondary outcome | |||
In-hospital mortality | 1,673 (20.6) | 180 (23.0) | 0.122 |
90-Day mortality | 2,675 (32.9) | 253 (32.3) | 0.772 |
180-day mortality | 1,389 (17.1) | 111 (14.2) | 0.043 |
Length of ICU stay (day) | 3.1 (1.6–7.8) | 8.2 (4.9–14.1) | <0.001 |
Length of hospital stay (day) | 10.9 (6.0–19.3) | 15.0 (9.6–23.7) | <0.001 |
Discharge to home | 1,044 (12.9) | 71 (9.1) | 0.003 |
Propensity matched data | (n=775) | (n=775) | |
Primary outcome | |||
28-Day mortality | 176 (22.7) | 186 (24.0) | 0.589 |
Secondary outcome | |||
In-hospital mortality | 155 (20.0) | 178 (23.0) | 0.174 |
90-Day mortality | 248 (32.0) | 251 (32.4) | 0.913 |
180-Day mortality | 127 (16.4) | 109 (14.1) | 0.229 |
Length of ICU stay (day) | 3.1 (1.6–8.5) | 8.2 (4.9–14.1) | <0.001 |
Length of hospital stay (day) | 11.5 (6.0–19.8) | 15.0 (9.7–23.7) | <0.001 |
Discharge to home | 115 (14.8) | 71 (9.2) | 0.001 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, number (%), or median (interquartile range). Emergency indicates unplanned medical care and Elective indicates a previously planned admission.
Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (%). ICU: intensive care unit; SpO2: oxygen saturation; PaO2: partial pressure of oxygen; PaCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide; SaO2: arterial oxygen saturation; INR: international normalized ratio; HCO3-: bicarbonate; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; CRP: C-reactive protein.
Values are presented as number (%) or median (interquartile range). Age, sex, oxygen saturation (SpO2), respiration rate, and mean blood pressure were matched for the propensity score-matched cohorts. ICU: intensive care unit.