Acute and Critical Care

Original Articles

Epidemiology
Post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression in North African intensive care unit survivors: a prospective observational study: Imen Ben Saida, Marwa Zghidi, Safa Fathallah, Mohamed Boussarsar; Acute Crit Care. 2025;40(3):402-412. Published online August 29, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.000150

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Background
Survivors of critical illness often face significant physical and psychological challenges, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression, which can severely impact their quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and associated factors of PTSD, anxiety, and depression among intensive care unit (ICU) survivors 3 months after discharge, and investigate the prevalence and determinants of post-intensive care syndrome–related neuropsychiatric disorders (PICS-ND).
Methods
This is a prospective observational analytical study carried out in a medical ICU. Three months after discharge from the ICU, survivors were contacted by telephone to complete the Impact Event Scale-Revised and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaires. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify variables that were independently and significantly associated with outcomes.
Results
A total of 114 survivors was enrolled. At 3 months, PTSD, anxiety, and depression were prevalent in 21.9%, 21.0%, and 9.6% of patients, respectively. Associated factors were younger age, female, physical restraint, and critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy (CIPNM) for PTSD; unmarried, low Charlson index, and physical restraint for anxiety; and younger age and CIPNM for depression. PICS-ND, a composite measure of neuropsychiatric morbidity, was present in 28.9% of patients, with younger age, female, and physical restraint identified as associated factors.
Conclusions
PTSD, anxiety, depression, and PICS-ND were common among ICU survivors at 3 months. Various factors, including younger age, female, unmarried, lower Charlson index, physical restraint, and CIPNM, were associated with these psychological outcomes.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Effect of high-dose baclofen on post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms five years after hospitalization among critically ill patients with unhealthy alcohol use
Marwan Bouras, Karim Asehnoune, Yann Robert-Valli, Pierre-Joachim Mahe, Jean Reignier, Adel Maamar, Jean-Claude Lacherade, Maud Jonas, Boris Jung, Martine Ferrandiere, Samir Jaber, Laurent Flet, Mikael Moriconi, Sigismond Lasocki, Roland Smonig, Christoph
Scientific Reports.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

Nursing
A quasi-experimental study to assess the effect of Benson’s relaxation on anxiety and depression among patients with heart failure in Jordan: Asad Allah Mohammed Aloran, Samiha Sohail Jarrah, Fatma Refaat Ahmed, Mohannad Eid AbuRuz; Acute Crit Care. 2024;39(3):430-438. Published online August 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2023.01053

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Abstract PDF

Background
Despite advancements in treatment, heart failure (HF) remains a leading cause of death. Anxiety and depression (A&D) are highly prevalent among patients with HF, negatively impacting their mortality, and morbidity. The Benson relaxation technique (BRT) is a non-pharmacological approach that is easy to learn, use, and apply for reducing A&D. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the BRT in reducing A&D among patients with HF in Jordan.
Methods
This quasi-experimental pre and post-design study involved a consecutive sample of 204 participants with a confirmed diagnosis of HF. Data were collected from four hospitals in Jordan.
Results
A total of 204 patients participated in this study, with 138 males and 66 females. The mean A&D scores for the sample at baseline were 11.09±2.60 and 10.80±2.30, respectively. In the intervention group, there was a statistically significant difference between pre-intervention anxiety and post-intervention anxiety levels (P<0.001), as well as between pre-intervention depression and post-intervention depression levels (P<0.001). In contrast, the control group showed no statistically significant differences between pre-intervention and post-intervention A&D levels (P=0.83 and P=0.34) respectively.
Conclusions
BRT can be used as an adjunctive intervention for patients with HF to reduce A&D. Healthcare professionals should consider incorporating BRT into treatment plans, while nursing departments can lead its implementation.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Frequency of Depression in Patients with Heart Failure Reduced EF (HFrEF)
Ahsan Ali Gaad, Taimur Ashraf Arain, Mansha Mansha, Meena Kumari, Anam Lohana, Sagar Kumar, Suhaira Hafeez Syed, Mahin Saif, Muhammad Nauman Khan, Rabia Ramzan, Zakir Ullah, Abdul Ghaffar, Mohsin Abbasi
European Modern Studies Journal.2025; 9(1): 225. CrossRef
New applications of non-pharmacological therapy for reducing anxiety and depression: a component of comprehensive heart failure treatment
Min-Seok Kim
Acute and Critical Care.2024; 39(3): 439. CrossRef

Nursing
Sleep, anxiety, depression, and stress in critically ill patients: a descriptive study in a Portuguese intensive care unit: Rui Domingues Silva, Abílio Cardoso Teixeira, José António Pinho, Pedro Marcos, José Carlos Santos; Acute Crit Care. 2024;39(2):312-320. Published online May 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2023.01256

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Abstract PDF

Background
Sleep disorders are common among patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). This study aimed to assess the perceptions of sleep quality, anxiety, depression, and stress reported by ICU patients and the relationships between these perceptions and patient variables.
Methods
This cross-sectional study used consecutive non-probabilistic sampling to select participants. All patients admitted for more than 72 hours of ICU hospitalization at a Portuguese hospital between March and June 2020 were asked to complete the “Richard Campbell Sleep Questionnaire” and “Anxiety, depression, and Stress Assessment Questionnaire.” The resulting data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Student t-tests for independent samples, and analysis of variance. The significance level for rejecting the null hypothesis was set to α ≤0.05.
Results
A total of 52 patients admitted to the ICU for at least 72 hours was recruited. The mean age of the participants was 64 years (standard deviation, 14.6); 32 (61.5%) of the participants were male. Approximately 19% had psychiatric disorders. The prevalence of self-reported poor sleep was higher in women (t[50]=2,147, P=0.037) and in participants with psychiatric problems, although this difference was not statistically significant (t[50]=–0.777, P=0.441). Those who reported having sleep disorders before hospitalization had a worse perception of their sleep.
Conclusions
Sleep quality perception was worse in female ICU patients, those with psychiatric disorders, and those with sleep alterations before hospitalization. Implementing early interventions and designing nonpharmacological techniques to improve sleep quality of ICU patients is essential.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Effectiveness of psychological nursing interventions for depression, anxiety and mental health resilience: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Xiaodong Wang, Rongfang He, Jiacheng Long, Juan Chen, Monica Karunakaran, Vishnu Shankar Hariharan, Rajan Rushendar, Luwei Xiang
Archives of Psychiatric Nursing.2026; 60: 152042. CrossRef
The Impact of Environmental Stressors on Sleep Quality and Patient Experience in the Intensive Care Unit
Meyreme Aksoy, Zeliha Büyükbayram Genç, Muhammed Ismail Güner
Nursing in Critical Care.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Frailty and fear of death among geriatric patients in critical care units: A mixed methods study
Eman Arafa Hassan, Shimmaa Mohamed Elsayed, Heba Hashem Monged, Basma Taher Abdelwahab
Nursing in Critical Care.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of a Multimodal Intervention on Sleep Quality and Duration in Intensive Care Unit Patients
Jieun Nam, Sukhee Ahn
Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing.2025; 18(1): 70. CrossRef
Sleep Quality and Its Associated Factors among Adult Patients Admitted in the Intensive Care Units of Public Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Taye Mezgebu Ashine, Birehanu Melaku Kassaye, Asefu Woldestadik, Kasie Gebeyehu Tiruneh, Tadesse Sahle Adeba, Edmialem Getahun Mesfin, Tamrat Alate Woldeyohannis, Asaminew Habtamu Sane
Sage Open Nursing.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Environmental Factors Affecting Sleep Quality in Intensive Care Unit Patients in Southern Morocco: An Assessment Study
Abdelmajid Lkoul, Keltouma Oumbarek, Youssef Bouchriti, Asmaa Jniene, Tarek Dendane
Advances in Respiratory Medicine.2025; 93(3): 14. CrossRef
Prevalence of poor sleep quality among critical care unit nurses: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Neda Sanaie, Sogand Sarmadi, Akbar Zare-Kaseb
BMC Nursing.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

CPR/Resuscitation
Effects of ketamine on the severity of depression and anxiety following postoperative mechanical ventilation: a single-blind randomized clinical trial in Iran: Seyedbabak Mojaveraghili, Fatemeh Talebi, Sima Ghorbanoghli, Shahram Moghaddam, Hamidreza Shakouri, Ruzbeh Shamsamiri, Fatemeh Mehravar; Acute Crit Care. 2024;39(2):243-250. Published online May 24, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2023.01186

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Abstract PDF: Background
In this study, we compare the effects of ketamine and the combination of midazolam and morphine on the severity of depression and anxiety in mechanically ventilated patients after discharge from the intensive care unit (ICU).
Methods
This randomized single-blind clinical trial included 50 patients who were candidates for craniotomy and postoperative mechanical ventilation in the ICU of 5 Azar Teaching Hospital in Gorgan City, North Iran, from 2021 to 2022. Patients were allocated to two groups by quadruple block randomization. In group A, 0.5 mg/kg of ketamine was infused over 15 minutes after craniotomy and then continued at a dose of 5 µ/kg/min during mechanical ventilation. In group B, midazolam was infused at a dose of 2–3 mg/hr and morphine at a dose of 3–5 mg/hr. After patients were discharged from the ICU, if their Glasgow Coma Scale scores were ≥14, Beck’s anxiety and depression inventories were completed by a psychologist within 2 weeks, 2 months, and 6 months after discharge.
Results
The mean scores of depression at 2 months (P=0.01) and 6 months (P=0.03) after discharge were significantly lower in the ketamine group than in the midazolam and morphine group. The mean anxiety scores were significantly lower in the ketamine group 2 weeks (P=0.006) and 6 months (P=0.002) after discharge.
Conclusions
Ketamine is an effective drug for preventing and treating anxiety and depression over the long term in patients discharged from the ICU. However, further larger volume studies are required to validate these results.

Pulmonary
Cinematic virtual reality for anxiety management in mechanically ventilated patients: a feasibility and pilot study: Alexander C. Haley, David A. Wacker; Acute Crit Care. 2022;37(2):230-236. Published online February 4, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2021.00843

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Abstract PDF

Background
Mechanically ventilated patients experience anxiety for many reasons. Pharmacological treatments such as benzodiazepines are commonly employed to manage anxiety; however, these therapies often cause undesired side effects. Additional therapies for anxiety management are needed. We sought to determine whether cell phone-based virtual reality therapy could feasibly be used for anxiety management in mechanically ventilated patients.
Methods
Mechanically ventilated subjects underwent at least one session of virtual reality therapy in which they were shown a cinematic video of an outdoor green space or blue space with 360° visual range of motion. Goal session duration was 5 minutes. The primary outcome was incidence of predefined patient safety events, including self-extubation and accidental removal of tubes or lines.
Results
Ten subjects underwent a total of 18 virtual reality sessions. Fifteen sessions lasted the planned 5 minutes, one session was extended at participant request, and two sessions were terminated early at participant request. There were no occurrences of the predefined safety events, and no occurrences of cybersickness. Use of a visual analog scale to measure anxiety level was feasible for this pilot study, demonstrating feasibility of this scale for future, larger scale studies.
Conclusions
Virtual reality therapy shows potential as a means of managing anxiety in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation, and further rigorous exploration with this protocol is feasible.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Feasibility, effectiveness and patient experience of virtual reality technology in intensive care units patients: a mixed-methods systematic review
Guiling Liao, Zhiqun Liu, Huan Wan
International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances.2026; : 100506. CrossRef
Perspectives of intensive care professionals on psychological stressors, support strategies, and the potential of virtual reality in critical care
Tjasa Savoric, Kaja Antlej, Sylvester Arnab, Rand Butcher, Ashwin Subramaniam
Australian Critical Care.2026; 39(2): 101551. CrossRef
Extended reality in anesthesia: a narrative review
Sung Hee Han, Kristen L Kiroff, Sakura Kinjo
Korean Journal of Anesthesiology.2025; 78(2): 105. CrossRef
Effects of Virtual Reality Meditation on Sleep and Delirium in ICU Patients
Soogyeong Kim, Jiyeon Kang
CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Utilizing virtual and augmented reality in intensive care medicine: A mini review
Yuhan Liu, Yanqi Liu, Mengyao Yuan, Changsong Wang
Journal of Translational Critical Care Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Virtual reality for relaxation in intensive care unit patients: feasibility, acceptability and intervention adaptation
Ann Louise Hanifa, Pia Dreyer, Søren Aagaard, Anna Holm
Pilot and Feasibility Studies.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Virtual Reality in Preclinical and Clinical Education—An Insight into Current Advancements and Future Perspectives
Adam Brachet, Maciej Biskupski, Gabriela Hunek, Jakub Rusek, Aleksandra Bełżek, Alicja Forma, Grzegorz Teresiński, Robert Sitarz, Robert Karpiński, Jacek Baj
Applied Sciences.2025; 15(24): 12941. CrossRef
Virtual reality for delirium prevention in mechanically ventilated ICU patients: a narrative review
Jiaxin Li, Mengyao Su, Yuhao Zhao, Yuxin Zhu, Yuna Hu, Huijie Zhao, Liming Li
Frontiers in Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Opportunities for Managing Pain and Anxiety in the Intensive Care Unit Using Virtual Reality: Perspectives from Bedside Care Providers
Isabella P. Garito, Samantha Lewis-Fung, Brenna Lawson, Hannah Gabrielle Gray, Christopher Smith, Lora Appel
Journal of Medical Extended Reality.2024; 1(1): 53. CrossRef
Immersive Virtual Reality Use in Medical Intensive Care: Mixed Methods Feasibility Study
Brian W Locke, Te-yi Tsai, C Mahony Reategui-Rivera, Aileen S Gabriel, Aref Smiley, Joseph Finkelstein
JMIR Serious Games.2024; 12: e62842. CrossRef
Virtual Reality Therapy for People With Epilepsy and Related Anxiety: Protocol for a 3-Phase Pilot Clinical Trial
Hannah Gabrielle Gray, Danielle Tchao, Samantha Lewis-Fung, Susanna Pardini, Laurence R Harris, Lora Appel
JMIR Research Protocols.2023; 12: e41523. CrossRef
Virtual and augmented reality in intensive care medicine: a systematic review
Dominika Kanschik, Raphael Romano Bruno, Georg Wolff, Malte Kelm, Christian Jung
Annals of Intensive Care.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
A study to assess the communication and level of anxiety among mechanically ventilated conscious patients in intensive care units of sree mookambika medical college hospital at kanyakumari district
Derlin A. Ahisha, Retnam C. Ajitha
i-manager's Journal on Nursing.2023; 13(2): 20. CrossRef

Nursing
Intensive care unit professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: social and work-related variables, COVID-19 symptoms, worries, and generalized anxiety levels: Fernando J. García-Hedrera, Fernanda Gil-Almagro, F. Javier Carmona-Monge, Cecilia Peñacoba-Puente, Patricia Catalá-Mesón, Lilian Velasco-Furlong; Acute Crit Care. 2021;36(3):232-241. Published online August 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2021.00213

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Abstract PDF

Background
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 outbreak has been identified as a pandemic and global health emergency. It presents as a severe acute respiratory disease. The rapid dissemination of the disease created challenges for healthcare systems and forced healthcare workers (HCWs) to deal with many clinical and nonclinical stresses. The aim of our research is to describe work conditions, symptoms experienced by HCWs, worries about contagion, and generalized anxiety symptoms and compare those findings across regions in Spain.
Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey. Critical care units throughout Spain were included. The sample comprised HCWs working in intensive care units from March to May 2020. We assessed work variables, physical symptoms, worries about contagion, and anxiety (generalized anxiety disorder-7 questionnaire).
Results
The final sample comprised 448 surveys. Among the respondents, 86.9% (n=389) were nursing professionals, and 84.8% (n=380) were women. All participants cared for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients during the study period. Workload during the pandemic in Madrid was judged to be higher than in other regions (P<0.01). The availability of personal protective equipment was found to be higher in Cataluña. The most frequently experienced symptom was headaches (78.1%). Worries about self-infection and the possibility of infecting others received mean scores of 3.11 and 3.75, respectively. Mean scores for generalized anxiety levels were 11.02, with 58.7% of the professionals presenting with generalized anxiety syndrome during the assessment.
Conclusions
In this study, we found high levels of anxiety among HCWs caring directly for COVID-19 patients, which could produce long-term psychological alterations that still need to be assessed.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Evolution of burnout syndrome in Spanish healthcare professionals during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: psychosocial variables involved
Fernanda Gil-Almagro, F. Javier Carmona-Monge, Fernando J. García-Hedrera, Cecilia Peñacoba-Puente
Frontiers in Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
From Anxiety to Hopelessness: Examining Influential Psychological Processes Affecting Mental Health Status of Spanish Nurses During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Cecilia Peñacoba-Puente, Fernanda Gil-Almagro, Fernando José García-Hedrera, Francisco Javier Carmona-Monge
Medicina.2025; 61(2): 236. CrossRef
Situación psicoemocional de los profesionales sanitarios de atención primaria vs cuidados intensivos y su evolución
Fernanda Gil Almagro, Fernando José García Hedrera, Francisco Javier Carmona Monge, Cecilia Peñacoba Puente
Quaderns de Psicologia.2025; 27(1): e2007. CrossRef
Psychological Care in Spanish Nurses at the Frontline of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Prospective Study on Symptoms, Burnout and Psychological Variables
Cecilia Peñacoba-Puente, Fernando José García-Hedrera, Mercedes Gómez-Del-Pulgar García-Madrid, Francisco Javier Carmona-Monge, Fernanda Gil-Almagro
Healthcare.2025; 13(10): 1108. CrossRef
Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Spanish healthcare workers: a systematic review of prevalence and wave-based patterns
Irene Jaén, Carolina Ausín, Diana Castilla
Current Psychology.2024; 43(25): 22089. CrossRef
The effects of fear of COVID-19 among Spanish healthcare professionals in three years after the pandemic onset via validation of the FCV-19S: a prospective study
Cecilia Peñacoba-Puente, Octavio Luque-Reca, Mark D. Griffiths, Fernando J. García-Hedrera, F. Javier Carmona-Monge, Fernanda Gil-Almagro
Current Psychology.2024; 43(43): 33640. CrossRef
From Anxiety to Hardiness: The Role of Self-Efficacy in Spanish CCU Nurses in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Fernanda Gil-Almagro, Fernando José García-Hedrera, Francisco Javier Carmona-Monge, Cecilia Peñacoba-Puente
Medicina.2024; 60(2): 215. CrossRef
Post-Pandemic Insomnia in Healthcare Workers: A Prospective Study including Sociodemographic, Occupational and Psychosocial Variables
Fernanda Gil-Almagro, Francisco Javier Carmona-Monge, Fernando José García-Hedrera, Cecilia Peñacoba-Puente
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(12): 3498. CrossRef
Headache and Associated Psychological Variables in Intensive Care Unit Nurses during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Prospective Study
Fernanda Gil-Almagro, Francisco Javier Carmona-Monge, Fernando José García-Hedrera, Cecilia Peñacoba-Puente
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(13): 3767. CrossRef
Anxiety Evolution among Healthcare Workers—A Prospective Study Two Years after the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic Including Occupational and Psychoemotional Variables
Fernanda Gil-Almagro, Fernando José García-Hedrera, Cecilia Peñacoba-Puente, Francisco Javier Carmona-Monge
Medicina.2024; 60(8): 1230. CrossRef
Headaches in Healthcare Workers: A Prospective Study of Precipitating and Maintenance Variables and Their Relationship with Burnout as a Post-COVID Syndrome
Fernanda Gil-Almagro, Francisco Javier Carmona-Monge, Fernando José García-Hedrera, Cecilia Peñacoba-Puente
Neurology International.2024; 16(6): 1464. CrossRef
Cognitive appraisals and coping strategies of registered nurses in the emergency department combating COVID‐19: A scoping review
Chia‐Hung Lin, Shu‐Fen Siao, You‐Jie Lin, Pin‐Hsien Hsin, Mack Shelley, Yen‐Han Lee
Journal of Nursing Scholarship.2023; 55(1): 79. CrossRef
The impact of pandemics on healthcare providers' workloads: A scoping review
Gemma Doleman, Annemarie De Leo, Dianne Bloxsome
Journal of Advanced Nursing.2023; 79(12): 4434. CrossRef
Critical care medicine training in the age of COVID-19
Walter Mickey
Journal of Osteopathic Medicine.2023; 123(9): 427. CrossRef
Psychological anxiety, professional performance, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: A study of healthcare providers at the University of Jordan Hospital
Fadia Aied Alsmeheen, Areen Al Ghazawat, Fatima Al Talahin
International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES.2023; 10(8): 91. CrossRef
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on intensive care unit workers: a nationwide survey
Sangeeta Mehta, Christopher Yarnell, Sumesh Shah, Peter Dodek, Jeanna Parsons-Leigh, Robert Maunder, Jessica Kayitesi, Catherine Eta-Ndu, Fran Priestap, Danielle LeBlanc, Jennifer Chen, Kimia Honarmand
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthésie.2022; 69(4): 472. CrossRef

Neurology
The Effects of a Delirium Notification Program on the Clinical Outcomes of the Intensive Care Unit: A Preliminary Pilot Study: Jaesub Park, Seung-Taek Oh, Sunyoung Park, Won-Jung Choi, Cheung Soo Shin, Se Hee Na, Jae-Jin Kim, Jooyoung Oh, Jin Young Park; Acute Crit Care. 2018;33(1):23-33. Published online February 6, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2017.00584

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Abstract PDF

Background
Delirium is common among intensive care unit (ICU) patients, so recent clinical guidelines recommended routine delirium monitoring in the ICU. But, its effect on the patient’s clinical outcome is still controversial. In particular, the effect of systems that inform the primary physician of the results of monitoring is largely unknown.
Methods
The delirium notification program using bedside signs and electronic chart notifications was applied to the pre-existing delirium monitoring protocol. Every patient was routinely evaluated for delirium, pain, and anxiety using validated tools. Clinical outcomes, including duration of delirium, ICU stay, and mortality were reviewed and compared for 3 months before and after the program implementation.
Results
There was no significant difference between the two periods of delirium, ICU stay, and mortality. However, anxiety, an important prognostic factor in the ICU survivor’s mental health, was significantly reduced and pain tended to decrease.
Conclusions
Increasing the physician’s awareness of the patient’s mental state by using a notification program could reduce the anxiety of ICU patients even though it may not reduce delirium. The results suggested that the method of delivering the results of monitoring was also an important factor in the success of the delirium monitoring program.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Adaptation and Validation of a Chart‐Based Delirium Detection Tool for the ICU (CHART‐DEL‐ICU)
Karla D. Krewulak, Carmen Hiploylee, E. W. Ely, Henry T. Stelfox, Sharon K. Inouye, Kirsten M. Fiest
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.2021; 69(4): 1027. CrossRef

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